I think we have a lot of preconceptions
about what race really is.
What is race has changed dramatically through time.
There is no official scientific definition of race.
We're all different.
I was aware that I wasn't white.
The teacher said, "No, no, Tess is something else."
And everybody's eyes are on me, and I'm a really shy person.
She said, "But what are you, Tessa?"
A lot of people imagine that there is some biological tangibility to race,
because we use it so much.
Race really is a social construct,
but just because something is a social construct,
that doesn't mean it doesn't have meaning in people's lives
like money, or the nation state, or democracy,
or all these other things that define how we live,
but are also constructed.
It influences what you're eating,
it influences the type of healthcare
you have access to,
the type of schooling you have access to,
how people feel about you.
I mean, it's a powerful marker for all of these things
that we care about when we're trying to run a society.
Race has never been something that I don't have to think about.
It's put on to us.
When you look at the history and origins of this idea,
you start to see it for what it really is,
which is the manifestation of power.
People imagine that people have always thought about skin colour
in this racialised way, and we really haven't.
That idea is no more than a few hundred years old.
It's not really until the age of colonialism, in the 17th Century,
that you start getting the idea that
each continent has its own individual kind of people.
It arose at a very specific moment in history.
In the 17th Century, you're taking long trips by ship,
and you're struck by how different people look
than you remember them when you got on.
So this is the first edition of Systema Naturae,
so the Systems of Nature.
And for man, Linnaeus distinguishes four varieties,
these varieties correspond to the four continents.
Where it really changes is in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae.
This is the foundation of scientific racism.
He brings in moral character,
so the American is "red and choleric,"
and stands up straight.
The European, "white, sanguine, and muscular"
The Asian, "sallow, melancholic and stiff"
The African, "black, phlegmatic and lazy"
So these stereotypes have endured through the ages.
If you're going to take a group of people,
and you're going to decide that they're not people anymore,
then you need something to justify that.
You can be defined very differently
depending on the country that you're in,
or the time that you're in.
And that's how these categories have always been used.
They are political tools
that change depending on their usefulness
to whoever is doing the categorisation.
We are one of the most homogeneous species on the planet.
Humans have far less genetic variation than chimpanzees do.
And yet, those chimpanzees look the same to me.
There were never any "pure" races,
there is no gene that exists in all the members of one race
and not another.
There is no black gene, there is no white gene.
Human groups overlap completely in their genetic variation.
In the same way that you're related to your family,
you can get a kind of fuzzy genetic similarity.
But when you get to the continental level,
which is really where we're talking about race,
that genetic similarity is so fuzzy,
and so statistically weak, as to be almost meaningless.
We have this envy of fields where things are hyper-simplistic.
We want to be able to look at a genome and say
that people are these kind of concrete immutable things,
that cannot be changed.
Genetics doesn't work that way, it's the product of many genes
interacting with each other and their environments.
To fully answer the question about what a living thing is
it's going to be about much more than genes.
If I were to go out on to the street today
and find someone of Indian heritage like myself,
and randomly then pick someone who is not of Indian heritage,
it is perfectly statistically possible
for my genome to have more in common with that person
who isn't of Indian heritage than that person who is.
Even though race itself is a construct,
racism is real and we are not in a post-racial society.
Race keeps making itself and power keeps making race.
Even though we know that race isn't biological,
we've been living with this idea of it being real
for so long that it means that people who do have a shared racial identity
have now cultural similarities
which has been born out of hardship,
but it's still beautiful and important.
The biology of race is not a useful concept.
I have a different historical trajectory,
I love the African American tradition,
but it's not better than anybody else's,
it's just the one that I'm a part of.
I don't think we're going to stop classifying people,
because I think that's how we make sense of the world.
I think every generation is going to classify people
according to the criteria that are politically important to them.
I don't think we need to find new boxes to put people in,
I think we now have the opportunity to say,
we understand that all of these things are a spectrum,
in a way that we hadn't considered before.
So instead of finding new ways to categorise people
we can just find new ways to exist better together.
Race is a story that's handed down and handed around.
But we can choose the stories that we tell.