I want to bring everything we've learned about linear
independence and dependence, and the span of a set of
vectors together in one particularly hairy problem,
because if you understand what this problem is all about, I
think you understand what we're doing, which is key to
your understanding of linear algebra, these two concepts.
So the first question I'm going to ask about the set of
vectors s, and they're all three-dimensional vectors,
they have three components, Is the span of s equal to R3?
It seems like it might be.
If each of these add new information, it seems like
maybe I could describe any vector in R3 by these three
vectors, by some combination of these three vectors.
And the second question I'm going to ask is are they
linearly independent?
And maybe I'll be able to answer them at the same time.
So let's answer the first one.
Do they span R3?
To span R3, that means some linear combination of these
three vectors should be able to construct any vector in R3.
So let me give you a linear combination of these vectors.
I could have c1 times the first vector, 1, minus 1, 2
plus some other arbitrary constant c2, some scalar,
times the second vector, 2, 1, 2 plus some third scaling
vector times the third vector minus 1, 0, 2.
I should be able to, using some arbitrary constants, take
a combination of these vectors that sum up to
any vector in R3.
And I'm going to represent any vector in R3 by the vector a,
b, and c, where a, b, and c are any real numbers.
So if you give me any a, b, and c, and I can give you a
formula for telling you what your c3's, your c2's and your
c1's are, then than essentially means that it
spans R3, because if you give me a vector, I can always tell
you how to construct that vector with these three.
So Let's see if I can do that.
Just from our definition of scalar multiplication of a
vector, we know that c1 times this vector, I could rewrite
it if I want.
I normally skip this step, but I really
want to make it clear.
So c1 times, I could just rewrite as 1 times c-- it's
each of the terms times c1.
Similarly, c2 times this is the same thing as each of the
terms times c2.
And c3 times this is the same thing as each of
the terms times c3.
I want to show you that everything we do it just
formally comes from our definition of multiplication
of a vector times a scalar, which is what we just did, or
vector addition, which is what we're about to do.
So vector addition tells us that this term plus this term
plus this term needs to equal that term.
So let me write that down.
We get c1 plus 2c2 minus c3 will be equal to a.
Likewise, we can do the same thing with the next row.
Minus c1 plus c2 plus 0c3 must be equal to b.
So we get minus c1 plus c2 plus 0c3-- so we don't even
have to write that-- is going to be equal to b.
And then finally, let's just do that last row.
2c1 plus 3c2 plus 2c3 is going to be equal to c.
Now, let's see if we can solve for our different constants.
I'm going to do it by elimination.
I think you might be familiar with this process.
I think I've done it in some of the earlier linear algebra
videos before I started doing a formal presentation of it.
And I'm going to review it again in a few videos from
now, but I think you understand how to
solve it this way.
What I'm going to do is I'm going to first eliminate these
two terms and then I'm going to eliminate this term, and
then I can solve for my various constants.
If I want to eliminate this term right here, what I could
do is I could add this equation to that equation.
Or even better, I can replace this equation with the sum of
these two equations.
Let me do that.
I'm just going to add these two equations to each other
and replace this one with that sum.
So minus c1 plus c1, that just gives you 0.
I can ignore it.
Then c2 plus 2c2, that's 3c2.
And then 0 plus minus c3 is equal to minus c3.
Minus c3 is equal to-- and I'm replacing this with the sum of
these two, so b plus a.
It equals b plus a.
Let me write down that first equation on the top.
So the first equation, I'm not doing anything to it.
So I get c1 plus 2c2 minus c3 is equal to a.
Now, in this last equation, I want to eliminate this term.
Let's take this equation and subtract from it 2 times this
top equation.
You can also view it as let's add this to minus 2 times this
top equation.
Since we're almost done using this when we actually even
wrote it, let's just multiply this times minus 2.
So this becomes a minus 2c1 minus 4c2 plus 2c3 is
equal to minus 2a.
If you just multiply each of these terms-- I want to be
very careful.
I don't want to make a careless mistake.
Minus 2 times c1 minus 4 plus 2 and then minus 2.
And now we can add these two together.
And what do we get?
2c1 minus 2c1, that's a 0.
I don't have to write it.
3c2 minus 4c2, that's a minus c2.
And then you have your 2c3 plus another 2c3, so that is
equal to plus 4c3 is equal to c minus 2a.
All I did is I replaced this with this minus 2 times that,
and I got this.
Now I'm going to keep my top equation constant again.
I'm not going to do anything to it, so I'm just going to
move it to the right.
So I get c1 plus 2c2 minus c3 is equal to a.
I'm also going to keep my second equation the same, so I
get 3c2 minus c3 is equal to b plus a.
Let me scroll over a good bit.
And then this last equation I want to eliminate.
My goal is to eliminate this term right here.
What I want to do is I want to multiply this bottom equation
times 3 and add it to this middle equation to eliminate
this term right here.
So if I multiply this bottom equation times 3-- let me just
do-- well, actually, I don't want to make things messier,
so this becomes a minus 3 plus a 3, so those cancel out.
This becomes a 12 minus a 1.
So this becomes 12c3 minus c3, which is 11c3.
And then this becomes a-- oh, sorry, I was already done.
When I do 3 times this plus that, those canceled out.
And then when I multiplied 3 times this, I get 12c3 minus a
c3, so that's 11c3.
And I multiplied this times 3 plus this, so I get 3c minus
6a-- I'm just multiplying this times 3-- plus
this, plus b plus a.
So what can I rewrite this by?
Actually, I want to make something very clear.
This c is different than these c1's, c2's and c3's
that I had up here.
I think you realize that.
But I just realized that I used the letters c twice, and
I just didn't want any confusion here.
So this c that doesn't have any subscript is a different
constant then all of these things over here.
Let's see if we can simplify this.
We have an a and a minus 6a, so let's just add them.
So let's get rid of that a and this becomes minus 5a.
If we divide both sides of this equation by
11, what do we get?
We get c3 is equal to 1/11 times 3c minus 5a.
So you give me any a or c and I'll already
tell you what c3 is.
What is c2?
c2 is equal to-- let me simplify this
equation right here.
Let me do it right there.
So if I just add c3 to both sides of the equation, I get
3c2 is equal to b plus a plus c3.
And if I divide both sides of this by 3, I get c2 is equal
to 1/3 times b plus a plus c3.
I'll just leave it like that for now.
Then what is c1 equal to?
I could just rewrite this top equation as if I subtract 2c2
and add c3 to both sides, I get c1 is equal to a
minus 2c2 plus c3.
What have I just shown you?
You can give me any vector in R3 that you want to find.
So you can give me any real number for a, any real number
for b, any real number for c.
And if you give me those numbers, I'm claiming now that
I can always tell you some combination of these three
vectors that will add up to those.
And I've actually already solved for what I have to
multiply each of those vectors by to add up
to this third vector.
So you give me your a's, b's and c's, I just have to
substitute into the a's and the c's right here.
Oh, sorry.
I forgot this b over here.
There's also a b.
It was suspicious that I didn't have to deal with a b.
So there was a b right there.
So this is 3c minus 5a plus b.
Let me write that.
There's a b right there in a parentheses.
But I think you get the general idea.
You give me your a's, b's and c's, any
real numbers can apply.
There's no division over here, so I don't have to worry about
dividing by zero.
So this is just a linear combination of any real
numbers, so I can clearly get another real number.
So you give me your a's, b's and c's, I'm going
to give you a c3.
Now, you gave me a's, b's and c's.
I got a c3.
This is just going to be another real number.
I'm just going to take that with your former a's and b's
and I'm going to be able to give you a c2.
We were already able to solve for a c2 and a c3, and then I
just use your a as well, and then I'm going
to give you a c1.
Hopefully, you're seeing that no matter what a, b, and c you
give me, I can give you a c1, c2, or c3.
There's no reason that any a's, b's or c's should break
down these formulas.
We're not doing any division, so it's not like a zero would
break it down.
I can say definitively that the set of vectors, of these
three vectors, does indeed span R3.
Let me ask you another question.
I already asked it.
Are these vectors linearly independent?
We said in order for them to be linearly independent, the
only solution to c1 times my first vector, 1, minus 1, 2,
plus c2 times my second vector, 2, 1, 3, plus c3 times
my third vector, minus 1, 0, 2.
If something is linearly independent that means that
the only solution to this equation-- so I want to find
some set of combinations of these vectors that add up to
the zero vector, and I did that in the previous video.
If they are linearly dependent, there must be some
non-zero solution.
One of these constants, at least one of these constants,
would be non-zero for this solution.
You can always make them zero, no matter what, but if they
are linearly dependent, then one of
these could be non-zero.
If they're linearly independent then all of these
have to be-- the only solution to this equation
would be c1, c2, c3.
All have to be equal to 0. c1, c2, c3 all have
to be equal to 0.
Linear independence implies this, this implies linear
independence.
Now, this is the exact same thing we did here, but in this
case, I'm just picking my a's, b's and c's to be zero.
This is a, this is b and this is c, right?
I can pick any vector in R3 for my a's, b's and c's.
I'm now picking the zero vector.
So let's see what our c1's, c2's and c3's are.
So my a equals b is equal to c is equal to 0.
I'm setting it equal to the zero vector.
What linear combination of these three vectors equal the
zero vector?
Well, if a, b, and c are all equal to 0, that term is 0,
that is 0, that is 0.
You have 1/11 times 0 minus 0 plus 0.
That's just 0.
So c3 is equal to 0.
Now, if c3 is equal to 0, we already know that a is equal
to 0 and b is equal to 0.
C2 is 1/3 times 0, so it equals 0.
Now what's c1?
Well, it's c3, which is 0.
c2 is 0, so 2 times 0 is 0.
So c1 is just going to be equal to a.
I just said a is equal to 0.
So the only solution to this equation right here, the only
linear combination of these three vectors that result in
the zero vector are when you weight all of them by zero.
So I just showed you that c1, c2 and c3 all have to be zero.
And because they're all zero, we know that this is a
linearly independent set of vectors.
Or that none of these vectors can be represented as a
combination of the other two.
This is interesting.
I have exactly three vectors that span R3 and they're
linearly independent.
And linearly independent, in my brain that means, look, I
don't have any redundant vectors, anything that could
have just been built with the other vectors, and I have
exactly three vectors, and it's spanning R3.
So in general, and I haven't proven this to you, but I
could, is that if you have exactly three vectors and they
do span R3, they have to be linearly independent.
If they weren't linearly independent, then one of these
would be redundant.
Let's say that that guy was a redundant one.
I always pick the third one, but let's say this guy would
be redundant, which means that the span of this would be
equal to the span of these two, right?
Because if this guy is redundant, he could just be
part of the span of these two guys.
And the span of two of vectors could never span R3.
Or the other way you could go, if you have three linear
independent-- three tuples, and they're all independent,
then you can also say that that spans R3.
I haven't proven that to you, but hopefully, you get the
sense that each of these is contributing new
directionality, right?
One is going like that.
They're not completely orthogonal to each other, but
they're giving just enough directionality that you can
add a new dimension to what's going on.
Hopefully, that helped you a bit, and I'll see you in the
next video.