(upbeat music)
- 5G internet.
We've been talking about it for a while
and now it's finally starting to arrive.
It's a revolutionary kind of internet
that promises to change everything from your phone,
to home internet, to more futuristic fields
like self-driving cars and even remote surgery,
but 5G's also been in the headlines lately
for a lot of bad reasons with bizarre conspiracy theories
and rumors.
So, to help clear things up, we're gonna explain to you,
what exactly 5G is, how we got here,
what the technology behind it is, and any real concerns
that might exist around the new technology.
(chill music)
So, what is 5G?
Well, 5G or fifth generation, is the next step
in mobile internet technology.
It's what all of the next wave of phones and tablets
are gonna use for speeds that are even faster
than the LTE networks that we already have.
Now, our news editor and reviewer, Chris Welch,
has actually been testing all these networks
for awhile already, so he can actually tell you
what it's like to use these speeds today.
- Okay, so all the big US carriers are well underway
with rolling out 5G, and by the end of this year,
you should be able to get it wherever you live in the US,
but what 5G means on each carrier is different.
Speeds are different, coverage is different,
so for the last year I've been testing out all the networks,
Verizon, AT&T, T-Mobile, and Sprint is now part of that,
just to see how fast it is
and what a difference it makes in your day to day life.
So let me try and explain.
Now Verizon's 5G is blazing fast;
you can get download speeds of over one gigabyte per second.
That's up to 10 times faster
than most home wifi connections.
You can download a whole season of a TV show
in just minutes, but the problem is coverage.
Verizon's 5G is very, very spotty.
It's there on one street and gone the next,
and indoor coverage is pretty much nonexistent.
That's because Verizon bases its whole 5G plan,
for now, on what's called high band
millimeter wave technology.
You've seen it in those commercials as ultra wideband 5G.
But the issue is, the signal can't travel very far,
so in an city where it wants to roll out 5G,
Verizon's gotta put up all these nodes all over the city,
and that's not really practical to do nationwide,
so later on this year, Verizon's also gonna turn on
its low-band 5G network,
but there the speeds aren't that much faster
than what your LTE phone can do today.
So for now, Verizon's 5G network isn't really
worth upgrading to a new phone for,
unless you've got a node like right outside
your apartment or your house.
T-Mobile has the most comprehensive 5G plan
of all the US carriers.
It's also using millimeter wave on the high end,
plus Sprint's midband spectrum in the middle,
and it's own low-band 5G at the base.
Now Sprint's midband spectrum is much faster
than LTE is today.
I was in Texas testing their 5G network
and I got speeds of 300 megabytes per second.
And unlike with Verizon, I could count on keeping
that 5G signal wherever I went.
Think of midband as the sweet spot for 5G.
It's much faster than phones today,
it's not quite as fast as millimeter wave,
but it makes a big difference day to day.
And last is AT&T which has a similar strategy
to Verizon, in that you get the high-band millimeter wave
and low-band sub six 5G,
but they're missing that middle part of the cake,
that midband spectrum, so you'll have really fast speeds
in small parts of some cities and somewhat faster speeds
than your phone today everywhere else.
Now none of this is to be confused with AT&T's fake 5G,
which is called 5GE.
You've probably seen it in your phone's status bar
at times.
That's just fast LTE.
It's got nothing to do with real 5G
that's rolling out right now.
These are still the early days of 5G.
We've seen less than a dozen phones hit the market
that offer these new faster speeds
and some of the early ones were very buggy
and would overheat in the summer.
Now those concerns, along with battery life,
have largely been overcome with Qualcomm's latest chips.
We've seen those chips in the Galaxy S20, the LG V60,
and the OnePlus 8, all really great phones,
but we're still waiting for that first iPhone from Apple
that has 5G and that's rumored
to come later on this fall in 2020.
(upbeat music)
- So, when we talk about 5G,
we're not really talking about anything
that's radically different than our current
and past mobile technology.
Let's put that in perspective.
The earliest generation mobile technology, 1G networks,
were launched back in the 80s.
Unlike the other generations, 1G networks
used analog signals and could really only do voice calls.
You've probably seen phones that use 1G networks
like the Motorola Dynatac, that classic oversized cell phone
from 80s movies.
2G networks kicked things up a notch.
More bandwidth meant that in addition to calls,
users could start sending data, enabling text messages,
SMS, and even pictures, MMS.
Later versions of 2G phones could even
access basic internet, like the most famous 2G device
ever sold, the original iPhone.
3G networks offered even more bandwidth
and faster speeds, and 4G LTE,
which is what most of our current phones use,
made truly fast wireless internet a possibility.
And 5G, as Chris mentioned earlier,
takes things a step beyond even that,
with speeds that are faster in some cases than home wifi.
But the key thing is that all these technologies
aren't fundamentally different.
They're all based on the same science,
which means that it's time to talk
about the electromagnetic spectrum.
This is the EM spectrum, the diagram of the different types
of electromagnetic radiation that exists.
EM radiation is what we call a wave of photons
traveling through space and all EM radiation,
be it AM radio waves, X-rays, infrared,
or even visible light fall somewhere
on the electromagnetic spectrum.
The difference between harmful X-ray radiation
and benign AM radio, is simply the amount of energy it has.
Now, on the right end of the spectrum
are low energy radio and microwaves,
which are characterized by low frequency
and long wave lengths.
As we travel up the spectrum, wave lengths get smaller,
frequencies get higher, and the amount of energy
being transmitted gets higher too.
AM radio, for example,
broadcasts between 540 and 1600 kilohertz.
It's low energy, but those low wave lengths
can travel incredibly far, up to 100 miles.
And depending on atmospheric conditions,
they can potentially span the globe
by bouncing off the atmosphere.
But again, quality suffers.
- [Announcer] We hear sound originating at that very moment,
hundreds, or even thousands of miles away.
- Go up the spectrum though, to FM radio
which broadcasts at between 88 and 108 megahertz,
and you've got more bandwidth,
which allows for higher quality broadcasts,
but your usable range decreases.
It's the same basic idea with cellular data.
New generations allow us to improve
our transmission technology,
which leads to increased bandwidth and higher frequencies,
which in turn leads to faster speeds.
But at the core, it's all the same basic technology
and the different types of 5G,
actually illustrate this really well.
For example, take AT&T and T-Mobile's low-band networks
which Chris referred to.
They're in the 600 megahertz and 850 megahertz bands,
effectively the same area of spectrum
as existing LTE, but the fact that they're new bands
of spectrum that aren't already clogged up
with existing customers, combined with new transmission
technologies, means that these low-band 5G networks
can offer faster speeds than LTE,
even though they're basically
using the same spectrum bands as LTE.
And that low-band nature, also means that they can transmit
over a much wider range than other types of 5G.
It's why T-Mobile, for example,
can claim to have nationwide 5G coverage,
while Verizon is stuck to just a few street corners.
Next is midband 5G, which is basically just used
by Sprint and now T-Mobile, which owns Sprint.
Located at the 2.5 gigahertz range of the spectrum,
it offers faster speeds than low-band 5G,
but it has more limited range.
For comparison, 2.5 gigahertz is about the same area
of the electromagnetic spectrum as your home wifi.
Now midband is middle of the road in almost every respect.
It's higher frequency and more bandwidth
than low-band 5G, but it's not gonna be quite the speeds
and frequency that you'll get from millimeter wave,
which is the ultra fast 5G.
Now these are located around 30 gigahertz,
much higher frequency than any other types of 5G
and they offer blazing fast speeds;
the ones Chris mentioned earlier from Verizon
and in limited areas, T-Mobile, and AT&T,
but those radio waves are also really small,
between one and 10 millimeters, hence the name,
which are actually really bad at passing through objects
like walls or buildings, which means that the range
is incredibly limited.
So even though it offers the fastest 5G speeds,
it's also the 5G that you'll probably
end up using the least,
because that rollout, it's just gonna be really small.
But those increases in bandwidth are only part of the story.
A lot of the improvements in 5G,
come from new transmission technology.
Things like carrier aggregation,
which combine multiple LTE bands
into one data stream for faster speeds,
or MIMO antennas, or multiple input multiple output,
where we use antenna arrays, made up of lots
of little antennas to improve connectivity.
(chill music)
But is 5G, or really any cellular radiation, safe?
Well, there've been a lot of inaccuracies
going around about 5G.
Some are completely absurd, like the idea that 5G
somehow caused the coronavirus,
but the simple answer is that 5G is basically the same
as any other type of cellular radio technology
and we already have a pretty good idea
that cellular radiation is not harmful.
- Of course people are concerned a little
about possible effects of the formation of cancer
if you use your mobile phone a lot
or if you've been exposed continuously to radiation
from cell towers.
There's a lot of studies available
on that sort of effect, but that's never been proven
that indeed there is a carcinogenic effect
of expose to radio frequency radiation.
There's also concern that exposure
to radio frequency fields, for instance the higher fields,
the higher frequencies that 5G's got to use,
that that may result in adverse affect
on the immune system, and that people may be
more susceptible for the, for infection
by the COVID-19 virus.
There's no proof, no indication whatsoever
that there's any effects on the immune system
from expose to radio frequency fields.
- Now, I know that cellular radiation falls
into the non-ionizing portion of the spectrum.
Can you talk a little more about the differences
between non-ionizing and ionizing radiation?
- Ionizing radiation has a very high energy content
and because of that, it is possible that
if you are exposed to that sort of radiation,
that chemical bonds in the body,
that they are damaged and broken,
and that may result in uncontrolled cell growth,
which may result in the formation of cancer.
This sort of effect, breakage of chemical bonds,
is something that is not possible
with non-ionizing radiation, with the type of radiation
that cellular technology uses,
because the energy content of that type of radiation
is not enough to result in such chemical breakage.
The entire spectrum of non-ionizing radiation,
up to UV radiation, is something that has no energy content
that is high enough to break chemical bonds.
Heating is the only proven effect of exposure
to radio frequency radiation.
(chill music)
- While 5G doesn't pose any health risks,
there are gonna be practical issues
with the transition to 5G.
Some of the growing pains are just switching
to a new generation of technology.
Things like more expensive plans.
That faster data speed means that you can burn
through your data cap really quickly,
and that's something that we're gonna have to figure out.
The first wave of 5G phones were more expensive,
although prices are starting to come down.
And of course, there's just building out the networks.
The low range of midband and millimeter wave networks,
means that it'll take longer and cost more
to build more towers, to get that kind of coverage
that people expect.
The good news is, is that we've already started.
Qualcomm, for example, has made 5G the default
in all of of its new chips and flagship phones
in 2020, from companies like Samsung, Apple,
OnePlus, are either already shipping with 5G,
or expected to have it by the end of the year.
And that's to say nothing of the big advances
that carriers like Verizon, T-Mobile, and AT&T
have made in building out the actual networks.
And more importantly, none of these issues
are really new.
The transition from 2G to 3G, or from 3G to LTE,
saw similar problems and the tech industry
was able to solve them.
The only difference is that we're a lot more reliant
on our phones than we were 10 to 15 years ago,
and that's why these issues seem so much more important now.
But the key thing to remember is that 5G
and the technologies around it, aren't really new.
It's just our perspective on them,
and our reliance on our phones that's really changed.
Thanks so much for watching.
We've been really working on a 5G explainer for a while,
so we're really glad to have put this together.
If you have any other questions about 5G
or technology in general, let us know.