Shots ring out in the Ohio Valley.
A handful of militiamen under the command
of a 22-year-old named George Washington
have surrounded a tiny force of French Colonials.
Within two years, due to the interwoven alliances and secret treaties,
this incident will spiral out into the
Seven Years War, the first truly world war;
a war that would be fought on every continent besides Australia.
And the dominoes fall.
But, as important and mind-bogglingly
understudied as the seven years war is,
we're going to just look at one of its repercussions
because its reverberations were felt around the globe.
This was the great conflagration between England and France.
It was the conflict that had to happen eventually,
but here in the States we know it under a different name;
we know it as "the French and Indian War."
We know it as such because that's the
war we Americans fought,
but we didn't fight it alone.
We were still a British colony back then
and the British sent thousands of troops
overseas to help fight back the French
forces coming out of Canada.
By 1763, the war was over, and peace had returned.
But with peace comes taxes.
After all, someone had to pay for all of those troops Britain had sent over.
But a number of colonists didn't much like the idea of higher taxes,
and they felt that the Boston Harbor really would be much better
if it was tea-flavored.
So, they rebelled against the British.
They were led by a 44 year old man named George Washington
(some relation).
Now those plucky colonists gave a good try of it,
but they couldn't really throw off the
world's greatest power without some help.
So the world's other great powers who
wanted to give britain a kick in the pants
— mainly the French and the Spanish — said,
"Hey that looks fun mind if we join?"
But now, someone was going to have to pay for
all those supplies and troops the French
and the Spanish sent over to the Americans.
So the French and the Spanish both implemented new taxes;
both at home and, most importantly for our story, in their colonies overseas.
So then the French revolted, and then the Haitians revolted,
and then most of Latin America revolted
because they, understandably,
didn't feel like paying higher taxes
just to, well, help make sure the US
didn't have to pay their higher taxes.
Because, in the end, it all comes down to taxes.
So there, now the stage is set.
Now we can dive into the life of the man
who embodies both the glory and the
tragedy of the Latin American revolutions:
Simón Bolivar.
1783 - We are in one of the great houses of Caracas.
On the lower floor, there's a celebration happening.
All the leading people of the city are there.
In the center is a man with eyes like a still lake talking to the crowd.
Upstairs, things are quiet. There's a woman lying in bed,
holding a newborn child.
The man is Simon's father; the woman is his mother.
Soon, they'll both be taken by consumption.
Simón would not remember his father,
and he would think of his mother less often than of the
slave who raised him, Hipolita.
Simon inherited mines and plantations and slaves.
The Bolivars were one of the first families of Venezuela,
and he one of the richest men in South America.
But he wasn't a man yet; he was a child,
and there was one thing that he didn't have: Spanish birth.
In the Spanish colonial system, there were not only all sorts of
deplorable hierarchies of race, but even
for those deemed racially pure and white there was a class system,
with those born in continental Spain being more
favorably looked upon than those born in the colonies.
The highest government offices were only open to Spanish-born colonists,
but this bane wouldn't strike him yet.
Instead he grew up as an unmanageable and arrogant child.
His father had died when he was three, his mother when he was nine,
the care of those in which he was left was sometimes excellent, sometimes negligent,
but it didn't matter;
he was always more interested in coursing the
alleys of Caracas with the children of the streets
than he was in studying or guidance.
Finally though, one tutor, while never
able to control him, was able to teach Simón,
albeit on his own terms. And so,
as they rode through the fields or
walked the streets of Caracas, this tutor
imparted not a traditional education but
his own personal loves:
Rousseau, Locke and Voltaire.
Alas even this was not to last
as Simon's childhood was set to a
backdrop of revolts: Venezuela and, indeed,
the whole Spanish Empire was in upheaval.
Race revolts and independence movements
cropped up and were crushed each time
with more brutality, but each time
exposing Spain's ever-slipping hold.
Simon's tutor was caught up in one of these
revolts and sentenced to permanent exile
and so again Simon was alone.
Soon, he was enrolled in the local military academy by an uncle.
He chafed at the discipline but learned much about the art of making war.
Soon, though, he was shipped off again — this time to Spain.
But he wanted this adventure. He was excited to see the continent
that he'd heard so much about
the place where the ideas he so admired came from.
But even on this trip, he got a taste of the declining nature
of Spanish power. For when his ship
stopped in Mexico City, they were
informed that they wouldn't be able to
depart right away because of a British blockade.
Eventually though, he did make it to Spain and then onto Madrid,
where he would finally get his first real
education and there too he met his first
great love: her name was Maria Teresa
and she was from another respectable
Caracan family. But, unlike Simon, she had
been born in Spain and spent her whole life there.
He soon proposed to her and
after working for a year to convince her father,
they were married in Madrid.
Now blissfully married, he decided it was
time to return to Caracas and take his
place in the family affairs together with his new wife.
So they set off for the New World; for Simón this was a return home
for Maria it was an opportunity to see her family seat for the first time.
But, as they landed in Caracas, she began to feel ill,
and then weak; within five months she was dead.
Yellow fever had taken Simon's first love.
He tried to stay in Venezuela to manage the life he had inherited,
but everything there reminded him only of her
and so, within a year, in 1803, he once
again boarded a ship for Spain.
But Spain, too, and especially Madrid, only served as
a constant reminder of Maria. So when all non-residents
were suddenly ordered out of the capital
because there wasn't enough bread to feed them,
Simón planned a trip for Paris.
There, he saw an empire reinvigorated by revolution.
He couldn't help but contrast it with Madrid:
Here was a city and a nation modernizing, evolving, growing
with the new Republican ideals.
He drank it in.
He was enchanted by Paris and the promise it offered,
but it was here that he found his second heartbreak,
not at the hands of a woman but of a man: Napoleon.
Simón had seen Napoleon as a beacon of hope — as the new man
— a true Republican serving his state faithfully;
guiding a state by his soul and humble
wisdom towards liberty, equality and brotherhood.
But then, Napoleon placed a crown upon his head.
Losing his temper one night at a dinner,
Simón rallied against Napoleon's vanity,
his hubris, his lust for power.
This suddenly made him much less welcome in social circles
and his friends, seeing the toll
the debaucherous his life of Paris had
taken on him decided that it was time
for a change.
They packed up and took him to Italy.
And it was here, in this reinvigorating place
rich with history, that Simón's thoughts
and ambitions really took form.
It was here on the very hill which plebeian
Romans had retired to to win their
rights over 2,000 years ago
that Simón stood and proclaimed that
he wouldn't rest until his homeland was free.
Soon, he departed Europe to head back home,
but first he stopped briefly in the United States.
Here, too, he was inspired.
He would later say that it was the first
time he'd seen a rational democracy in
action but he realized it had its differences,
that it would be no template for the Revolution he intended,
and so at last in 1807 at the age of 23 he set
foot again in Caracas filled with dreams,
ambitions, and an ardent desire for
liberation and independence for his
people. He walked the streets of his
long-neglected home and wondered what
the future might bring.
Join us next time and find out exactly what that future brings