I have covered the electrical nature of stars many times before. In fact I have
actually produced a miniseries looking at the conventional and then the
electric model and outlining how star evolution is not what it seems. We've
talked about red giants, about normal stars, abnormal ones, pulsars, neutron stars
but all as separate discussions. So I felt it was high time to produce
something that outlines how stars potentially are born, how they change
from one type to another, and then how potentially they might die. All within an
electric universe. So let's start with a stellar Birkeland current, which potentially
crosses another magnetic field, or some other interaction causes the pinching
effect. This would draw in more current and plasma from the surrounding area and
increase the current density through the central areas significantly. Compressing
the central area into a plasmoid. Through Markland convection the chemical
elements are separated radially. They will cause the helium to move to the
outer layer, then hydrogen, then oxygen and nitrogen. With iron, silicon and
magnesium in the inner layers. In this model the core of the star would end up
being composed of heavy elements but the exact structure at this stage is not
important. This plasma forms the star itself. The strong electrical and
magnetic fields created in this pinch will set up the stellar circuit. Plasma
will naturally create a sheath separating itself from the surrounding
environment. We see this around the Sun in the form of double layers and we see
this in the much larger scale heliopause which separates the stellar from the
interstellar medium. The heliopause supplies a slow but steady inflow of
electrons to the central star and conversely the star produces ions which
stream away from the star towards the heliopause. So initially the majority of
that central pinch will be very bright and it will then
fall back depending on the current density in its surrounding area. Here it
is important to realize that this environment is not static but changes
These changes have an impact on how the start appears and behaves. So stars born
through this process are born as bright and blue stars with very high current
densities and this will be surrounded by what appears like a planetary nebula
often in what looks like an hourglass shape. Over time the excitation in the
surrounding plasma far from the star will recede causing it to go from glow
mode back into dark mode. The photosphere is acting like a
positively charged electrode in a galactic discharge. The red chromosphere
is the counterpart to the glow above the anode surface in a discharge tube. On the
photosphere the tufts are a mechanism to allow the star to regulate this
incoming current. Consider them like a sort of buffer, allowing them to absorb
changes in the external environment without impacting the output of the star
to a certain extent. Assuming that this stellar Birkeland current is part of a
larger structure which comprises the whole galactic arm it is easy to see
that the current flowing through the arm varies depending on what position you
are at. It may also be possible the stars themselves wander within their filament
moving away from the creation pinch causing it to receive a lower current
density than before. So let's imagine that this star wanders further away from
the original pinch point and now receives a lower current density. Let's
say equivalent to our Sun. The star is now less electrically stressed the
tufts on the photosphere will be smaller and emit less energy.
Consequently the light emitted will move from the bluer colour to a more white
yellow colour. The tufts will change to attempt to react to any changes in the
incoming current. Conversely the solar wind will show these changes more
readily meaning that although the output of light from the star does not change
there can be a large variation in the solar wind due to the changes in the
incoming current. If the star continues to move further away from the pinch or
its location in that structure causes the current density to drop even further,
the toughs will become less pronounced and cause the photosphere to start
shrinking. The output is greatly reduced but the star remains hot. Effectively the
white discharge of the corona reaches down to the photosphere. The star has a
preference to generating x-rays as compared to visible light. They now
appear as white dwarfs. If we reduce the current even further now the tufts are
unable to produce the white glow can only produce a faint red glow. These
are what we call red dwarfs. Continue reducing this even further and we end up
with a star that hardly shines at all. These are your brown dwarfs. If for some
reason the current is removed altogether there would be no more electrical
activity and what was once a star would now appear as a gas giant. A star's
functioning requires electrons to flow towards the star. If this process is
interrupted by for example a large dust cloud or a large cloud of non ionized
gas. These dust and gas clouds will tend to absorb the electrons slowly flowing
inwards blocking the star from receiving them. When this happens the star's plasma
sheath will start to expand in an attempt to increase the surface area
over which electrons can be captured. As this happens the star will start to dim
significantly and become larger as more electrons are captured by this expanding
sheath it will cause an increase in the electric field and this will cause more
ionization to occur and this in turn causes the plasma sheath to start
glowing faintly red. This is what we call a super red giant. The increased
electrical field will also cause a huge outflow of positive ions away from the
star. Creating large stellar winds compared to other stars. While the
inflowing electron current is blocked the star is not able to easily manage
changes to the incoming current and any change will necessitate a change in the
surface area. An increased current will tend to cause a star to shrink. A
decrease would see the surface expand. Any change to the gas surrounding the
star would cause the electron absorption to decrease which could force a star to
expand and cause it to dim. So changes to the environment and changes to the
incoming current causes not only changes to the brightness of the star but also
alter the size of the star itself. Whenever the current density increases
rapidly a star has a number of mechanisms to attempt to balance
this. Firstly it may shed large amounts of charge material which we would see as
a coronal mass ejection or CME. If the electrical stresses are so high the star
might fission. Here the star may end up splitting or rejecting matter outwards
creating a companion. A star also has an electromagnetic energy store in an
equatorial current ring. Matter is ejected equatorially by discharges
between the current ring and the star if this stored energy reaches a critical
point this may be released in a bipolar discharge or ejection of matter along
the rotation axis. The remnants of SN 1987a show exactly this.
This is what we would see as a star nova where it sheds a large amount of
material but remains otherwise functional as a star or a supernova
where a large amount of material is ejected. What is left behind is what is
often referred to as a neutron star or a pulsar. Peratt and Healy wrote a paper on
the radiation properties of pulses magnetospheres observations theory and
experiment and they concluded the sources of radiation energy may not be
contained within the pulsar but may instead derive either from the pulses
interaction with its environment or by energy delivered by an external circuit.
Our results support the planetary magnetospheres view where the extent of the magnetosphere not
emission points on a rotating surface determine the pulses emissions this
means that what is left behind is the star but that it undergoes periodic
discharges creating the pulsing. This is like a broken circuit. The event disrupts
the surrounding environment causing this very periodic discharge. In some sense
this is one type of death for a star it, no longer functions as it did the
majority of the material surrounding it has been blown off and this event if
large enough may have disrupted the inflowing current and blocked it
completely. So at the end of the day what is left behind? Potentially it's just a
core which may well resemble a rocky body. Some stars may end up being ejected
at high speed out of filaments and when they exit the filament they will no
longer receive an incoming current and this would mean that they would suddenly
turn off. Now the question is what would happen as they approach the edge of the
filament. If we assume a complex bessel function filament. Stars on the outer
edge of the filament would have a lower relative field strength compared to
those at the centre and this would mean that stars towards the center would
appear bluer and stars on the outer edge would appear redder so if a star were to
be pushed outwards in a filament then Then it's field strength
would slowly start to drop off causing the star to start to appear red in colour.
Once it leaves the filament altogether it would simply turn off. Now depending
on the state the star was in it would either leave as a rocky body in the event
of a supernova explosion. If it was a red giant then it would leave a rocky body
surrounded by a cloud of gas, in other words a gas giant. And if it formed from
a star which was in a super red giant phase so it's electrical gathering
ability was inhibited then we know that these types of stars have a great
abundance of water in that atmosphere they would form a water gas giant like
Neptune and this may explain the vanishing stars that I have covered
recently. As always be brave be curious the truth is waiting for us until next time