So, the cerebral hemispheres cover a lot of other stuff that's contained within the brain.
So, you can't see here, the midbrain or the diencephalon, which I showed you, but there
are also other things contained - other structures in the brain, which we need to know about.
So I'll just remove the cerebral hemispheres.
So, what we're looking at now is some of the stuff that's contained within the hemispheres.
So I'll just show you what I did here.
So, we're looking lateral view of the brain.
We've got the cerebral hemispheres, we've got our cerebellum, and we can see the medulla
and the pons from this lateral view.
So I'll remove the left cerebral hemisphere and we've got these structures that are contained
within it.
So, you can see that the hemisphere was here and I've removed it, and we're looking at
these structures inside the brain.
So I'll get rid of that one as well.
So I'll just show you some familiar structures.
So, you can see the thalamus on either side, so the thalami.
You can see the hypothalamus.
And if I remove the cerebellum, you can see the midbrain with the colliculi sitting on
the tectum.
So, what we've got inside, contained in the hemispheres, are basal ganglia, the limbic
system, and ventricles.
So we'll take a look at the basal ganglia first.
So we'll actually use this model with one-half of the cerebral hemisphere because it's a
bit easier to orientate yourself when you can see the hemisphere.
So, the basal ganglia.
The term is actually a bit of a misnomer.
It should be basal nuclei because these are collections of cell bodies, which are contained
in white matter in the central nervous system.
So they should be called nuclei rather than ganglia, but they're called basal ganglia,
so we'll stick with that.
So you've got three parts to the basal ganglia.
You've got the caudate nucleus, which is this structure here.
So you can see here it's got three parts.
It's got a head, a body, and a tail, which winds around like this.
So that's the caudate nucleus.
And then, outside the caudate nucleus, you've got the putamen.
So this is this round, curved structure.
So this is the putamen.
And just sitting medial to the putamen, you've got the globus pallidus.
So I've just faded away the various structures, so you can see the globus pallidus, which
has an internal and external or lateral and media part.
So the globus pallidus is these two structures.
The lateral and the medial globus pallidus.
So these structures sit medial to the putamen.
So, collectively, the globus pallidus and the putamen are referred to as the lentiform
nucleus or the lenticular nucleus.
And the caudate nucleus, which is this structure with the head, the body, and the tail that
winds around, combined with the putamen, is called the neostriatum.
So you've got these structures on both sides.
So, if I just rotate around to the other side, you can see the c-shaped caudate nucleus.
So you can see its head, the body, and the tail, you can see the putamen sitting laterally,
and you can see the globus pallidus with its lateral and medial parts sitting medially.
And from this anterior view, which we're now looking at, you can our see structures from
the diencephalon - the thalami.
So these sit medial to the globus pallidus.
There are also two other components of the basal ganglia, which are the subthalamic nucleus
and the substantia nigra, which I'll show you another tutorial.
So the next part is the limbic system, which is quite complicated because it's not actually
an anatomically distinct set of structures.
It's not very clearly defined.
It's more a collection of functionally related nuclei and cortical areas, but there are few
structures that are worth pointing out.
So we've got the hippocampus here, or the hippocampal formation, and this structure
is important in the formation of memory.
So this structure actually sits medially in the temporal lobe.
So, if I just rotate around, you could see the temporal lobe here and it sits within
the medial aspect of the temporal lobe.
And then you've got the fornix.
So, if I just remove the basal ganglia and the lateral ventricle -- so the fornix runs
up like this.
You can see it here.
And you've got the mammillary bodies down here.
And if we follow the caudate nucleus around - so, follow the head, body, and the tail
-, at the end we've got this walnut-shaped structure, which is called the amygdala or
amygdaloid body.
So this is often included by definition with the basal ganglia, but it's part of the limbic
system.
So those are just a few parts of the limbic system, which are worth pointing out, but
it's a lot more complicated than that.
So, finally we've got the ventricles.
So, the ventricles are these gray parts of this model.
So, you've probably been wondering what these are, but these -- so, I'll just rotate it
on the right.
These are the ventricles.
And the ventricles are developed from the neural tube and are remnants of the neutral
tube, and they're filled with cerebrospinal fluid, which is a colorless fluid, which protects
and nourishes the neural tissue.
So I've just switched to a diagram of the ventricular system of the brain.
So you can see there are the C-shaped ventricles on either side, so these are the lateral ventricles.
You've got one on either side and they connect to a third ventricle, which sits in the midline,
and they're connected to the third ventricle by interventricular foramina, so these little
bits on either side.
And then the third ventricle connects to the fourth ventricle, which lies within the pons.
So you can see the ventricles in relation to these other structures and you can see
the third ventricle in the midline.
And the walls of the third ventricle are made; are supported by the thalamus.
They're made up by the walls of the thalamus.
And the cerebral aqueduct runs within the midbrain to connect to the fourth ventricle.
So, if I just rotate this around; remove the cerebellum.
So you can see the fourth ventrical here, sitting within the pons.
So, if I just fade out the -- very slowly, you can see the cerebral aqueduct connecting
the third ventricle to the fourth ventricle like that.
So those are the parts of the brain.
So, we've gone through the brainstem, the cerebellum, the diencephalon, which consist
of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal body.
We've talked about the cerebral hemispheres and the cerebral cortex.
We've talked about the lobes and we've talked about the stuff that's contained inside the
hemispheres.
So, the basal ganglia, the limbic system, and the ventricles.
So I hope that's given you a sort of three-dimension idea of how the parts of the brain relate
to each other.