Voiceover: Let's think about the market for real estate
in a given city.
Here on the vertical axis
I have plotted rent in terms of dollars
per square foot per month.
Here on the horizontal axis,
is essentially the quantity of square foot
square foot per month available in millions.
This is 1 million, 2 million, 3 million,
4 million, 5 million.
Here in blue we have the demand curve.
You see as the price is high,
one way to view it is that the demand
for square footage is low and as the price
is low the demand for square footage is higher.
But what I really want to focus on in this video,
is viewing the demand curve as the
marginal benefit curve.
Marginal benefit curve.
When that first incremental square foot
that is added to the market,
that has a huge marginal benefit
where people are desperate to get an apartment.
To get someplace where they could rent and they could live.
So it has a huge marginal benefit.
Then the marginal benefit for every
incremental square foot starts to go down.
Likewise, we can look at the supply curve.
We're going to look at this as the
marginal cost curve.
The marginal cost curve.
The marginal cost of that very first
incremental square foot for the suppliers
for the landlords in the city is $1
per square foot.
One way to think about it,
that very first square foot,
we don't know what its price would have been,
but let's say its price was at $3 if it was.
I'm just making that up.
In that reality,
if that very first square foot's price was at $3,
there is definitely an incentive for someone
to make that first square foot
because their marginal cost is only
a dollar and they could rent it out at $3 per month.
There is definitely an incentive for someone to rent it.
The marginal benefit is $4 and they just have
to pay $3 for it.
It could be rented out for anywhere
or it would exist,
or this kind of transaction would happen
as long as its price was between $1 and $4.
You could imagine, based on how this is drawn,
where the actual equilibrium price is.
The suppliers will keep adding more and more
square foot as long as they can actually rent it out,
all the way until the point that the marginal
benefit is equal to the marginal cost.
Right over here marginal benefit is equal
to marginal cost.
It wouldn't make sense for suppliers
to produce an incremental square foot right over here.
If they produce an incremental square foot,
their marginal cost has gone beyond $3,
while the marginal benefit is below $3,
no one is going to rent that thing out.
We reach an equilibrium point at 2 million
square feet per month on the market.
Let me make that line a little bit straighter.
2 million square foot per month on the market
and at a price of $3 per square foot per month.
You can look at the total surplus here.
In this equilibrium scenario,
we can calculate the consumer surplus.
So all of these folks,
for this first incremental foot,
someone was willing to pay $4 per square foot.
They only have to pay $3.
The next one a little less than $4.
Benefit they only have to pay $3.
All the way to this point right over here.
So the area of this triangle right over here,
this right over here is the consumer surplus.
So that right over here is consumer surplus.
Consumer surplus.
We can calculate it.
This is a triangle.
I'm assuming actually both the supply and demand curves are lines.
So let's see this has a height of 1
and it has a base of 2 so its area is going to be
1 times 2 times one-half.
That is going to be equal to 1 million dollars.
We are multiplying $1 times 2 million
times one-half.
That's going to be 1 million dollars
of consumer surplus per month.
Let's think about the producer surplus.
The producer surplus is going to be this area.
It's going to be this area right over here.
That first incremental foot it only cost
those producers $1 but they are able
to rent it out for $3.
Then they will keep producing,
keep producing all the way until they
do 2 million square foot.
For all of their square feet,
they are able to rent it out for more
than it was their cost to produce it.
So the area of this triangle is the producer surplus.
This is the producer surplus.
Producer surplus.
We can calculate that as well.
The height right over here is $2.
$2 times this width is 2 million square feet per month.
2 times 2 times one-half is 2.
This is equal to 2 million dollars.
If we were to talk about what the total surplus is,
it is 3 million dollars.
Now, this equilibrium rent,
$3 per square foot per month is actually quite a lot
for 1,000 square foot apartment.
My last apartment was a two bedroom,
two bath apartment.
It was about 1,000 square foot.
So that means you're going to be paying $3,000
per month for that.
That's pretty high rent.
That's the type of rent you might pay
in a city like San Francisco.
Let's say people start complaining about it.
So the government says, "Okay that rent is not fair.
"It's too high.
"We want to introduce some type of price control.
"We want to introduce rent control."
I'm oversimplifying how this works,
but just so that we can deal with this model right over here,
Let's say that the city just sets a ceiling
on the price per square foot per month.
Let's just say they set a price ceiling,
a price ceiling of $2 per square foot per month.
$2 per square foot.
Let me write it this way.
$2 per square foot per month.
So they set a price ceiling right over here.
Given that, what is going to happen?
What is going to happen?
What I really want to think about is what
is going to be the new consumer surplus
or the new producer surplus?
I encourage you to pause the video
and try to think about that on your own.
Well let's think about what's going to happen.
From the producers point of view,
it doesn't make sense for them to produce
more than 1 million units.
1 million square feet per month.
I have to rent out more than a million
square feet per month
because that extra square foot above that,
its marginal cost is going to be more than
what they're going to get.
The producers are just going to stop there.
The producer surplus is going to be the area
of this triangle right over here.
Let's see, this is $1 times 1 million
times one-half.
This is now a producer surplus.
Producer surplus.
A new producer surplus under the rent control
of $500,000, half a million, of $500,000.
So we see that the rent control
immediately hit the producers pretty hard.
The producer surplus has gone down dramatically.
Now what about the consumer surplus?
We're talking about a million units,
or a million square foot per month I should say.
So now the new consumer surplus is the area,
is this entire area.
So you see that at least for this first
incremental million square feet,
the consumers have started to win out a little bit.
To figure this out, what the total area is,
we just need to figure out what we could break
this up into two sections.
We could break this up into two sections.
This is the point,
1 million square feet at $3.50 dollars per square foot per month.
This is right over here, the point, the 3.5.
We could use that to figure out this new area.
Actually let me do it in a different color,
in this green area right over here.
What is it going to be?
Well the area of this thing right over here
is one-half high.
One-half times 1 times one-half.
This right over here is 250K.
We add that to this area right over here,
which is one and a half times 1.
$1.5 dollars per square foot per month
times 1 million.
Did I do that right? Yep.
So that's going to be plus ... plus this,
which is 1.5 million.
You add these two together.
The total consumer surplus ...
So the total consumer surplus is now 1.75 million.
So the consumer surplus definitely
did go up in total because it gained
all of this from the producer,
but let's think about what has now
happened in our society or in our city.
The producers definitely don't want to put out
as many square foot per rent anymore.
It does look like we have lost some
total surplus for our little city here.
We have lost out on this entire area.
We can calculate it by looking at what
the total surplus was before the rent control
and what the total surplus was after the rent control.
The total surplus before,
so before the total surplus was the 2 million
producer surplus plus the 1 million consumer surplus,
so it was 3 million.
After, it is the 1.75 million consumer surplus
plus the $500,000 producer surplus,
which is 2.25 million.
What we've lost is the difference here,
which is $750,000.
So this area right over here.
This is per month.
This right over here represents the lost total surplus.
This lost total surplus of $750,000 per month
is referred to as the dead weight loss.
You can debate about rent control.
Is it good? Is it bad?
Is it good for this kind of dynamic?
Who gets what share of the surplus?
This of course is an oversimplification
of a market and even the way rent
control would be instituted.
This is a model for beginning to think
about what happens to the total surplus
when these types of price controls are instituted.