Allotransplants is the transplantation of cells, tissues, or organs, to a
recipient from a genetically non-identical donor of the same species.
The transplant is called an allograft, allogeneic transplant, or homograft.
Most human tissue and organ transplants are allografts. A xenograft is a graft
from a different species, such as when animal tissue is grafted into human
tissue, or when human cancer cells are implanted in mice for experimental tumor
studies. Allografts can be referred to as "homostatic" if they are biologically
inert when transplanted, such as bone and cartilage.
An immune response against an allograft or xenograft is termed rejection. An
allogenic bone marrow transplant can result in an immune attack, called
Graft-versus-host disease. Procedure
Informed consent is required before tissue is harvested from a donor, alive
or dead. Proper screening for pathology and risk factors for communicable
diseases such as HIV and Hepatitis B and C is then conducted.
In the US, donor tissue must be harvested and processed adhering to the
Current Good Tissue Practices rule. In most cases it is sent to tissue banks
for processing and distribution. Each year, Food and Drug Administration
regulated and American Association of Tissue Banks-accredited tissue banks
distribute 1.5 million bone and tissue allografts.
Transplantable organs and tissues A variety of organs and tissues can be
used for allografts, including: Anterior cruciate ligament repair
Joint reconstruction in the knee and ankle
Meniscal replacement Reconstruction due to cancer or trauma
Ridge augmentation in dental procedures Shoulder repair
Spinal fusion Urological procedures
skin transplants corneal transplants
heart transplants heart valves
lung transplantation Intestinal transplantation
liver transplants kidney transplants
pancreas transplantation islet cell transplantation
bone marrow transplants bone allograft
ligament or tendon allograft Laws & regulations
In the US, the Federal government Food and Drug Administration has regulated
human tissue intended for transplants since 1993. In order to ensure the
quality of donor tissue and reduce contamination and disease transmission
risks, three regulations addressing manufacturing activities associated with
human cells, tissues, and cellular and tissue-based products were promulgated
in May 2005: The first requires companies producing and distributing
HCT/Ps to register with the FDA. The second, called the “Donor Eligibility”
rule, proscribes criteria for donor eligibility. The third, the “Current
Good Tissue Practices” rule, oversees overall processing and distribution
practices of each company. Other transplant options
Autograft, tissue transplanted from one site to another on the same patient. An
autograft reduces the risk of rejection but requires a second surgery site,
adding pain, risk and possible longer aftercare.
Xenograft, a transplant from another species
Isograft, a transplant from a genetically identical donor, such as an
identical twin. Synthetic and metal implants. Unlike
allografts, such grafts do not corporate into the body.
See also Allograft diseases
Medical grafting References
External links ww.aatb.orgsafetyoftissuetransplants.pdf
dc.govdhqp/tissueTransplantsFAQ.html#top .fda.govTissueTissueProducts/default.htm
http:www.organdonor.govregistry.shtm Allogeneic stem cell transplantation
entry in the public domain NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms
Allogeneic bone marrow transplantation entry in the public domain NCI
Dictionary of Cancer Terms