(jazz piano music)
- [Steven] We're at the Wadsworth Atheneum
in Hartford, Connecticut, looking at a large
painting by Robert Rauschenberg.
This is Retroactive I from 1963.
- [Patricia] Retroactive I was made immediately
following John F. Kennedy's assassination.
And so, we're looking at a president who was deeply loved
by the public, who was recently assassinated
and here, pictured as the central element of a painting
that speaks very emotionally to the times.
- [Steven] So, the artist has taken a photograph
from popular media and blown it up and then applied it
to the surface of this canvas as if it was an oil painting.
- [Patricia] There are multiple screened images on this,
all of them taken from popular culture, many from magazines,
such as National Geographic and Life Magazine.
But each image is screened on separately
and done in a different color, so there's a whole brickwork
of images that puts together this composition.
- [Steven] It must have been so difficult for the artist
who had ordered the screens before the assassination
intending to use this image, but then having the meaning
of that image utterly transformed by the time
he received it back from the fabricator
because of the assassination that
had subsequently taken place.
- [Patricia] He had ordered these silk screens,
they were in his studio, he was on a trip in the South
when he learned of Kennedy's death
and suddenly questioned whether it would be appropriate
to really go forward with making these paintings
with Kennedy as an element because Kennedy,
as a president, and now an assassinated president,
has taken on this whole other dimension.
The portrait of Kennedy has been
sourced from a news conference.
It's a very large image of Kennedy doing this
emphatic gesture, and this gesture is so connected
with Kennedy that his hand is shown twice.
- [Steven] So, the artist would take the image
and would send out to a commercial silk screen manufacturer
for the screen itself, and then he would take a squeegee,
take silk screen ink, and force it through
the screen to apply it to the canvas.
- [Patricia] You have to think of these images
of being in magazines and newspapers,
and so, when the artist orders these silk screens
that are made by a fabricator, he's having them blown up
so that they have a much larger presence.
And so, what was probably a very small picture
of navel oranges in a crate is now
one by 1-1/2 feet in size, so larger than life.
- [Steven] This issue itself is so complicated
because, for the entire history of art in the West,
we think about the handicraft of making,
we think about the skill of one's brushwork.
But here, we have a mechanism, a mechanical process.
And to complicate it even more, by the time we get
to 1963, when this is being produced,
contemporary art was supposed to be abstract;
and here, we have the reintroduction of images.
- [Patricia] Artists like Rauschenberg were reacting
against abstract expressionist artists.
But at the same time, there are many
elements that show the artist's hand.
You see brushwork, you see drips,
so it's not pristinely reproduction.
- [Steven] So there's a reference to the drips
of Jackson Pollock, to the energized
brush strokes of Willem de Kooning.
For me, when I'm looking at this image,
I'm not seeing Kennedy, I'm seeing an image of Kennedy.
This is very much about reproduction and representation.
- [Patricia] We're looking at a conglomeration of images.
Kennedy, of course, is the central element,
but then there's a crate of oranges,
there's a glass of water, there's a construction site,
and there's an astronaut.
It's a cluster of a lot of different imagery,
and it's as much about what's going on in the world
at the time and about what's outside your window.
In fact, Rauschenberg was quite famous
for a particular quote: "I want my paintings
"to look like what's going on outside my window
"rather than what's inside my studio,"
which is a big change from what, say,
the abstract expressionists were doing.
- [Steven] So, where Pollock and de Kooning were trying
to make manifest what was taking place in an interior space,
within them, in some psychological, spiritual way,
we have an interest in the mundane, in the immediate,
in the actual world that surrounds him,
in the events around us, the debris of news,
the debris of our commercial and industrial culture.
- [Patricia] Think about Rauschenberg,
with his studio in downtown New York,
and outside his window, probably plenty of construction
sites, markets that sold cartons of oranges;
these things were just outside
his window, like he says in the quote.
- [Steven] Kennedy, who is front and center,
is surrounded, if framed by all of these other forms.
We have a thermometer, or at least a forecasting device;
we have photographs of a nude through space, through time;
the glass of water; all of these things
framing the central figure.
- [Patricia] Kennedy was very closely associated
with the space race with Russia, so to have Kennedy
front and center, and then to have an astronaut
the second largest image over his shoulder,
I think it's really speaking a lot
to Kennedy directly, as well as the generalities
of what's going on out in the world.
- [Steven] Kennedy had made this promise that we're going
to go to the moon, and, although we didn't in his lifetime,
there was a tremendous technological set of advances
that were unleashed as a result.
And Rauschenberg was a real fan of the American
space program, of science and technology, more generally.
- [Patricia] Kennedy was a very popular president,
and Rauschenberg, too, was very much engaged with Kennedy.
I think he was devastated when Kennedy was assassinated,
and his work became much more political after that.
- [Steven] Even though this painting is so concerned
with the contemporary, because the painting was made
after Kennedy's death, it becomes a memorial.
- [Patricia] Kennedy is eternally young.
He's depicted exactly how all of us remember him
and see him in history books, and it really is just
an incredible homage to a very important political figure.
This is the only painting from the Kennedy works,
of which there are eight, that depicts Kennedy in blue.
Most of the others show him in black
and white or even real color.
And so, this is very strong, in a way,
that is conveys the impact of this tragedy
and is taking on this kind of ghostly visage.
(jazz piano music)