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42 years ago, on separate dates more than two weeks apart, two spacecraft were
launched at Cape Canaveral, Florida with the potential to rewrite our
understanding of the solar system and the interstellar environment.
In the 1970s, the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 spacecraft were designed with the
intention of studying the environments of Jupiter and
Saturn, as well as the gas giants' respective moons.
In 2012, scientists announced that Voyager 1 had
apparently become the first man-made object ever to reach interstellar space.
But what the spacecraft told us, about the behaviors of the solar wind and the
conditions at the interstellar boundary, did not
match space scientists' theoretical predictions.
In 2013, the lead author of a paper in the journal Science
told wired.com of the Voyager 1 data, "The models that have been thought to predict
what should happen are all incorrect....We essentially have
absolutely no reliable roadmap of what to expect at this point."
And today, scientists have reported that Voyager 2 has now also recently crossed
the boundary into interstellar space and again, the theoretical predictions based
on standard solar physics do not match discovery.
Don Gurnett, the corresponding author of a study
published in the journal Nature Astronomy, said to phys.org, "In a
historical sense, the old idea that the solar wind will just be gradually
whittled away as you go further into interstellar space is simply not true. We
show with Voyager 2--and previously with Voyager 1--that there's a distinct
boundary out there. It's just astonishing how
fluids, including plasmas, form boundaries."
Of course, the predictions of the Electric Universe theory about the
interstellar environment and behavior of the
solar wind, differ dramatically from convention.
The Electric Universe has always proposed that a vast Birkeland
current enters our solar system and, in fact, powers the Sun.
We asked retired professor of electrical engineering, Dr.
Donald Scott to offer his overview of the Voyager 2 findings to date.
Well, a few days ago, researchers at the University of Iowa announced that space
probe Voyager 2 left the Sun's heliosphere in late 2018 and entered
what they think is the interstellar medium.
Its sister probe, Voyager 1 did that earlier, that was back in 2012,
and they announced that this latest transition was signaled definitely by a,
and they emphasized, the strong increase in the plasma density measured by the probe.
In other words, that probe essentially went through
what they refer to as "a wall", a boundary there
between the heliosphere and the interstellar medium.
Well, these guys, astrophysics in general is still in the
mindset of fluid dynamics and gravity only, so continuously hear words like
winds and shocks and bow waves and in fact, one
typical astronomer commented on this latest release.
He said, "In a historic sense, the old idea that the
solar wind will just be gradually whittled away as you go further into the
interstellar space is simply not true. No kidding. We show with Voyager 2--and
previously with Voyager 1--that there is a distinct boundary out there. It's
just astonishing how fluids, including plasmas, form boundaries."
Well yes, in a sense, plasmas are fluid but fluids are not plasmas, so...
And do they form boundaries, yes, you betcha.
Again, they seem to be surprised when they shouldn't be surprised.
We, in the Electric Universe, realize that the
discovery of an increase in the plasma density is completely consistent with
the electric Bessel function model of a Birkeland current.
So we're not surprised at all, the Electric Universe model of
star formation, that is how the Sun formed, is that it results from a z-pinch
in a Birkeland current filament inside our galaxy, and in our model, in the EU
model, matter: that's to say ions, electrons, neutral
atoms, molecules, etc, form in concentric cylinders.
So it's quite probable that the outer cylindrical layer of the
Birkeland current is a region of increased density and so, that's what the
EU would have expected in that, we don't look at it as a surprise or a
discovery and it would be something we would be looking for.
It's also true in the classical plasma lab experiment;
Alfven did them, Langmuir did them; there is often a double layer of charge just
outside the cathode, just above the cathode.
It's called a cathode drop and in the case of the
heliosphere, the heliosphere in the Electric Universe
model is the outer layer of the heliopause, serves as a virtual cathode.
And so, thinking of it that way, we would expect to see an increased
density of matter just at the cathode, and, in our model, the heliopause is the
cathode, so that again is what we would expect to see.
Z-pinches have been long observed in plasma labs throughout the
world, and there's nothing exciting to us about them, but it's very nice to see our
ideas born true and see that, that's what they're seeing.
At the risk of boring people, I think, I'll point out yet
again that when both mechanical and fluid processes occur in a region where
there's also electrical forces involved, those electrical forces are 10 to the
36th power times stronger than anything gravity by itself can produce, so
electricity is very important and these folks have got to learn that.
There's a slide there that says The Sun's Environment, and on the left of the image
there is a sketch showing how the twisting current density and magnetic
field tend to flatten out into a disc, as you get closer
and closer to the actual location of the z-pinch.
We're looking sideways at what the Electric Universe thinks is the Birkeland current
that serves the Sun, and that oval there in the middle
is the, what we would say would be the heliosphere.
There in the center of that diagram, you see sort of an X-Ray
photograph of that Birkeland current and
the heliosphere, the outer edges,
is defined by the words edge of the z-pinch,
a filament cylinder on both sides there, and so that's, that sort of yellow
cloudiness is those increased ions and electrons and that sort of thing
that demark the extent of the Birkeland current, and in
the center is the heliosphere, the Sun, a very tiny dot right in the middle of that.
That is a reasonable, sort of a schematic of what the Electric Universe
thinks is the heliosphere and the way the Sun is situated.
But actually a better image, the hourglass shaped nebula M-29 and it's, I
think it's perhaps the canonical example of a cosmic z-pinch.
You can see many of the aspects of what I just said in that
image, and you can see there's at least two visible layers outward along
the Birkeland current, and the locations of two
possible double layers easily seen there...
The M-29 is a visible plasma entity and such it has to be, of course,
in plasma that's in arc mode or at least glow mode, in order for us to see it.
If you look at the top of that image and the very bottom, you can see that the plasma
is beginning to disappear, it's beginning to turn into dark mode, because the
electrical current density is lower, the farther
you get away from the z-pinch.
Clearly, our Birkeland current is in dark mode, because otherwise you would see it.
Well, if you take a closer look, again a schematic of, looks
like there's some black lines that show the shape of the Birkeland current on
either side of the z-pinch, you notice that where those lines form
together, that I'm suggesting that it looks as though the heliosphere itself
is more of a sort of a, I hate to use the word flying saucer, but that's what it
looks like, it's like, it's a sort of a squished sphere and point a is inside of it,
and if those two probes followed the path a to b or a to c, they would have
left the heliosphere but, however, not left the Birkeland current.
Had the Voyagers gone from a to d, that is straight out, they would have left both
the heliosphere and the Birkeland current and gone out into the truly interstellar space.
And you notice on there, there's a notation about the electrons combined
here with solar ions to form ENAs.
The IBEX mission and the satellite on which the mission depended was a product
of the Lockheed Martin corporation, and the division of that Lockheed Martin was
headed up by the late Dr. Jim Ryder.
He's a valued Electric Universe scientist engineer,
and I will say, a good friend to many of us.
We miss him.
A report of the mission's initial results by the
mainstream said, "...the interstellar environment has far more influence on
structuring the heliosphere than anyone previously believed... No one knows what is
creating the ENA (the energetic neutral atoms) ribbon..."
Now, this is what IBEX discovered, that there were these
energetic and neutral atoms that they hadn't
expected to find, just outside the heliosphere.
Well, see a picture there of what a classic plasma experiment would
look like in the laboratory, with the anode on the left and the cathode on the right,
and of course you put a higher voltage on the
anode and ground the cathode and what happens?
Well, if you do it right, in the middle of the tube there are, round
somewhere where it says positive column, neutral atoms are ionized by like
electrons coming from the cathode and so you get an ion.
Ions are produced in there, and the positive ion, that is to
say, what's left of the atom minus the electron that's popped off of it, it
starts to move toward the right, where it'll be attracted, its positive charge
attracted by the cathode and repulsed by the anode.
So eventually we get the stream of positive ions heading toward
the right, heading toward the cathode and flooding out from
the cathode are a stream of electrons and what happens?
Well, they recombine, there's no such thing as a positive ion traveling in the
wire that goes out of the cathode, you can't do that.
So, where the positive ions end up are being neutralized by
those electrons coming out of the cathode and what's the result?
An electrically neutral atom, again, and so that's, there's nothing magic about these
electrically neutral atoms, these ENAs are formed simply by recombination, and I
interject my friends, it's an electrical process of the recombination of the
negatively charged electron with positively charged ion and that's how
you get the electrically neutral atom out there at point d.
One of the most, I think, most interesting things to come
out of this experience is that on October 29th, in 2015, the NASA, the
Jet Propulsion Laboratory issued another press release and they said, Voyager 1
has now helped to solve the interstellar medium mystery.
I'm not sure what they were referring to by the interstellar
medium mystery but anyway, the quote from the release that I find extremely
interesting is, "Now researchers have found that the direction of the magnetic
field has been slowly turning ever since the
spacecraft crossed into interstellar space."
OK, let's say that again, they have discovered that the direction of the
magnetic field, that the spacecraft observes, has been slowly turning,
rotating ever since the spacecraft crossed into interstellar space.
They should have said it is ever since the spacecraft left the heliosphere but
because, as we saw in that previous diagram with the three way pass; a to b,
a to c, and a to d, they left the heliosphere
but stayed inside the Birkeland current.
That's exactly what they would have observed because, as you
travel through a Birkeland current, the magnetic field slowly rotates and slowly
changes its direction as you proceed farther and farther
away from the central axis of the current.
One of the most important properties of the Bessel function model
of the Birkeland current is that inside the current structure,
the direction of the magnetic field continually increases.
Therefore, this announcement is a supremely importantly in agreement with
this inherent property of the EU, and my conclusion is that the two spacecraft, or
at least any one that measures that continually rotating
magnetic field, followed a path like a to b and a to c.
That means they have not really entered the interstellar space, they're still
inside the Birkeland current, they've left the heliosphere, that's true, but until
that magnetic field stops rotating the farther out
they get, they're still inside the Birkeland current.
There's several different points of confirmation of our model and not theirs.
These astrophysicists have got to stop talking
about fluid flows, shocks, and bow waves,
and they have to learn that real entities such as Birkeland currents and
double layers are important, and until they do, their research will stagnate,
just as their fruitless search for dark matter has.
These people have to begin to learn about electricity in the cosmos.