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What lies at the center of our galaxy?
For many decades, astrophysicists have told us that at the core of the Milky Way
and 98% of all galaxies is a supermassive black hole,
a hypothetical "region of space-time" whose gravitational effects are so colossal
that nothing, not even light can escape.
Scientists believe that supermassive black holes explain the stupendous
energies and mass measured at galactic cores
and many fantastic electromagnetic phenomena
including powerful galactic jets and X-ray emissions
are attributed to black holes' influences.
In fact, for many years scientific and educational literature
have presented the existence of black holes as a matter of settled science
and science media routinely report truly amazing claims
about black holes with no skepticism.
Of course, a recent example in 2016, was the media firestorm
resulting from the pronounced detection of gravitational waves
which was supposedly produced by two colliding black holes a billion years ago.
Subsequent, such claims have been met with an equal absence of media scrutiny.
However, we note that a recent scientific paper entitled
"On the Signal Processing Operations in LIGO signals"
should raise serious questions about the validity of the gravitational waves claims.
The abstract of the paper authored by UC Berkeley's Akhila Raman
states that the first five reported gravitational waves events are,
"...very weak signals whose amplitude does not rise significantly
during the gravitational waves event,
and they are indistinguishable from non-stationary detector noise."
A link to the article may be found in the description box of this video.
Unfortunately, this paper has not received a fraction of the media attention
that the claimed gravitational waves discoveries have garnered.
Paradoxically, these same media also routinely report discoveries
that would challenge the very existence of black holes,
if astronomers and astrophysicists were willing to entertain such a possibility.
But rather than forcing any reassessment of foundational theory,
the discoveries are simply presented as exciting puzzles for working scientists.
A good example is found in a recent paper on scientists' observation of star formation
that is occurring impossibly close to the Milky Way's hypothetical black hole.
A phys.org report introduces the conundrum as follows,
"At the center of our galaxy, in the immediate vicinity of its supermassive black hole,
is a region wracked by powerful tidal forces
and bathed in intense ultraviolet light and X-ray radiation.
These harsh conditions, astronomers surmise, do not favor star formation,
especially low-mass stars like our Sun.
Surprisingly, new observations... suggest otherwise."
Scientists using the ALMA telescope discovered evidence of a total of 11 low-mass stars
forming within just three light years to the hypothetical black hole.
As the phys.org report notes,
"At this distance, tidal forces driven by the supermassive black hole should be
energetic enough to rip apart clouds of dust and gas before they can form stars."
The lead author of the new paper says,
"Despite all odds, we see the best evidence yet that low-mass stars are forming
startlingly close to the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way.
This is a genuinely surprising result and one that demonstrates just how robust
star formation can be, even in the most unlikely of places."
But of course, this is not the first time that our galaxy's hypothetical black hole
has mystified astronomers with its behavior.
For several years, scientists around the world eagerly awaited
the approach of the gas cloud G2 to the supposed black hole.
The standard expectation was that the cloud would undoubtedly be,
"devoured" as it entered the black hole's domain.
Apparently, the black hole was not feeling hungry
as the gas cloud was left intact to the amazement of astronomers around the world.
Hopelessly problematic black hole behavior
has been observed at all scales throughout the cosmos.
In 2012, we reported on scientists' observations of two bright radio spots
in the globular cluster M22, which they interpret as two small black holes.
But Standard Theory dictates that only one black hole at most,
can exist in the cluster of tightly packed stars.
The National Radio Astronomy Observatory reported of the findings,
"Simulations have indicated that these black holes
would fall toward the center of the cluster,
then begin a violent gravitational dance with each other,
in which all of them or perhaps all but a single one
would be thrown completely out of the cluster."
The author of a paper on the findings stated,
"We didn't find what we were looking for, but instead found something very surprising
-- two smaller black holes. That's surprising
because most theorists said there should be at most one black hole in the cluster."
At a much vaster scale at the farthest reaches of the observable universe,
we see in ever greater detail, stupendous electromagnetic phenomena
that are not predicted nor explained by black hole theory.
As we've reported several times, in 2016
a Royal Astronomical Society press release reported the discovery that,
"...supermassive black holes in a region of the distant universe
are all spinning out radio jets in the same direction..."
A lead investigator, professor Romeel Dave said of the findings,
"This is not obviously expected based on our current understanding of cosmology.
It's a bizarre finding."
As noted by Professor Andrew Russ Taylor,
"...these black holes don't know about each other, or have any way of exchanging
information or influencing each other directly over such vast scales..."
In the Electric Universe, such cosmic alignments,
completely unexpected by standard cosmology, are both predicted and required
if the dominant organizational force is electromagnetism.
The Electric Universe theory proposes that space across cosmic distances
has a substructure of twisted-pair current filaments
with stars and galaxies forming along them like pearls on a string,
and having their spin axes aligned along their filaments.
Space discovery continues to confirm this prediction
including the Herschel Space Observatory's imaging
of vast networks of star-forming filaments.
In fact, the phenomenon of spectacular cosmic jets,
sometimes hundreds of thousands of light years long,
dramatically reveals the tunnel vision of gravito-centric cosmology.
Radio astronomers who have measured the electric current in an extra galactic jet,
have proposed that the black hole creates a powerful magnetic field
which then produces the jet's electric current.
But mysterious magnetism will never explain the tremendous electromagnetic emissions
that are now routinely detected throughout the cosmos.
As we've outlined in dozens of episodes, the concepts of Plasma Cosmology
and the Electric Universe offer very different predictions and explanations
for the phenomena astronomers attribute to black holes.
At the center of galaxies is not a black hole
but an ultra-high density energy storage phenomenon called a plasmoid,
a kind of load in the galactic electrical circuit.
In a galactic circuit, electrical power flows inward along the spiral arms
lighting the stars as it goes and is concentrated and stored in the central plasmoid.
When the plasmoid reaches a threshold density
it discharges, usually along the galaxy's spin axis.
The Electric Universe proposes this is in fact the source of the stupendous cosmic jets.
Indeed, a recent scientific paper reveals that nature is confounding
all of cosmologists' predictions about black holes' magnetic properties.
A phys.org report on the finding states,
"Black holes are famous for their muscle:
an intense gravitational pull known to gobble up entire stars
and launch streams of matter into space at almost the speed of light.
It turns out the reality may not live up to the hype...
University of Florida scientists have discovered these tears in the fabric of the universe
have significantly weaker magnetic fields than previously thought."
The unsolved mystery that the report acknowledges is,
"...how 'jets' of particles traveling at nearly the speed of light
shoot out of black holes' magnetic field."
The study co-author states,
"The question is, how do you do that?
Our surprisingly low measurements will force new constraints on theoretical models
that previously focused on strong magnetic fields
accelerating and directing the jet flows.
We weren't expecting this, so it changes much of what we thought we knew."
As noted in a public comment by Thunderbolts colleague Chris Reeve,
"The picture which is emerging is of the black hole as non-falsifiable.
It really does not seem to matter how many null results accumulate;
since theorists need them to be there,
they will continue to insist that they ARE there."
In fact, we have noted a fundamental challenge to the very question
of whether Einstein's mathematics predict black holes.
As explained by physicist Wal Thornhill
in his Space News interview on gravitational waves,
"It's a self-serving myth that Einstein's mathematics predicts black holes.
The originators of black hole theory in 1965, including Thorne,
chose not to mention that Einstein's October 1939 paper which they refer to,
concludes with,
"The 'Schwarzschild singularity'",
the term black hole had not been introduced then,
"does not appear for the reason that matter cannot be concentrated arbitrarily
and this is due to the fact that otherwise
the constituting particles would reach the velocity of light."
Einstein showed mathematically that black holes cannot form gravitationally
for the same reason that stars and planets cannot.
Because the infalling matter begins to circle the center of mass
until the centrifugal force balances the gravitational force.
The observational evidence now shows that stars and planets
are formed by the powerful electromagnetic force
produced in electromagnetic pinches along cosmic lightning filaments
in molecular clouds.
Gravitational collapse theory is now discredited by direct observation.
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