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Half a century has passed since the Soviet Union probe, Venera three,
became the first spacecraft to touch down on the surface of an alien world,
the planet Venus.
Fifty years later NASA has begun preparations for a return visit to Venus.
However, it was more than half a century ago that the planet began to offer
many surprises to investigating scientists.
As the astronomer Victor A. Firsoff wrote in his book 'The Solar Planets',
it would be hard to find a more improbable planet than Venus.
From its extraordinary high temperatures
to its networks of filamentary scars running across its surface.
With its mysteriously shiny mountains at its highest altitudes,
with its occasional superbolts of lightning,
with its super-fast upper atmospheric winds
to its enormous comet-like plasma tail,
with the twin vortices at its north and south poles,
Venus still presents many unsolved mysteries for planetary scientists.
One of the biggest surprises early in the space age,
was the discovery of Venus' super hot temperatures.
Prior to this discovery many scientists, most notably Fred Whipple
- the originator of the dirty snowball model of comets,
had proposed that the surface of Venus might be mostly or entirely covered by oceans.
But scientists soon discovered that Venus is, in fact,
the hottest planet in the Solar system
with an average surface temperature of 863 degrees Fahrenheit.
The consensus theory today, of planetary scientists, is that Venus' dense,
mostly carbon dioxide atmosphere has caused heating through a greenhouse effect
but as the aforementioned astronomer Firsoff noted,
"Earth's seas are not boiling hot, despite the total greenhouse effect of water
and average sunlight stronger than at the ground level of Venus.
Nor is it at all clear how such a condition could have become established."
Australian physicist Wal Thornhill addressed the issue in a 2003 article.
He states, "Venus receives 1.9 times more solar radiation than Earth
but its clouds reflect about 80% of that sunlight,
so that Venus actually absorbs less solar energy than the Earth."
"...Even with the maximum greenhouse effect,
the effective surface temperature of Venus should be low enough to freeze water."
"What is being asked of the so-called runaway greenhouse effect
is equivalent to expecting a well-insulated oven to reach a temperature
sufficient to melt led by having only the pilot light switched on!"
Some scientists now recognize that extreme events are required
to explain Venus' extraordinary temperatures.
A recent study proposes that a spherical object between 500 and 1,000 miles wide
struck Venus, melting its upper mantle
and triggering the so-called runaway greenhouse effect.
However, like countless other mysteries of Venus,
its extremely high temperatures may be the result of extraordinary events
that planetary scientists have never considered.
It was well over half a century that scientific heretic Immanuel Velikovsky
proposed in his best-selling book, Worlds in Collision,
that the planet Venus was a comet that passed close enough to Earth
to violently perturb its axis, decimating early civilizations.
By studying the historical accounts of far-flung cultures,
Velikovsky constructed a thesis of celestial catastrophe.
The converging ancient images include the Babylonian torch star Venus
and bearded star Venus, the Mexican smoking star Venus,
the Peruvian long-haired star Venus,
Egyptian great star "scattering its flame and fire"
and the widespread imagery of Venus as a flaming serpent or dragon in the sky.
In each instance the cometary language is undeniable,
for these were the very symbols of the comet in the ancient languages.
By following the evidence, Velikovsky discovered that Venus holds a special place
in the world's first astronomies, in both the Old World and the New.
Ancient stargazers regarded Venus with awe and terror,
carefully observing its risings and settings
and claiming the planet to be the cause of world ending catastrophe.
Velikovsky reasoned that these astronomical traditions must have had roots
in a traumatic human experience, though modern science has always assured us
that the planets evolved in quiet and undisturbed isolation over billions of years.
Based on extensive cross-cultural comparison Velikovsky concluded
that the planet Venus, prior to the dawn of recorded history, was ejected violently
from the gas giant Jupiter, displaying a spectacular comet like tail.
Its later catastrophic approach to the Earth around 1500 BC
invited the historical backdrop to the Hebrew exodus.
In Worlds in Collision, Velikovsky argued that the terrifying gods
of the ancient world where planets.
The book recounted two close encounters of the comet
or protoplanet Venus with the Earth.
The director of The Thunderbolts Project, David Talbott,
was originally inspired by Velikovsky's research
and began his own reconstruction of these ancient catastrophes
based on a comparison of converging cultural traditions from around the world.
Talbott does not claim to know when Venus was born,
but rather he is focused on Venus' role in a primordial alignment of planets
close to the Earth in an earlier time,
just prior to the birth of the great civilizations.
The planet Saturn hung as a massive sphere in the sky.
Seen visually in its center was a radiant star surrounded by explosive streamers.
Cultures the world over came to see Venus in feminine terms as the mother goddess.
In the Thunderbolts documentary, 'Symbols of an Alien Sky',
Talbott discusses in detail the complex role of Venus in ancient myths
as the great star, the mother of all stars,
the central eye, heart and soul of the primeval sun-god Saturn,
the hub and spokes of the wheel of heaven and much more.
What does one expect of a planet that was recently
the focus of an intense cometary electrical discharge?
The answer may be exactly what we see.
As a 2013 space.com report stated,
"planet Venus sometimes looks less like a planet and more like a comet".
This statement describes the changes, scientists have witnessed,
in Venuses ionosphere, much like a comet in response to the solar wind.
Indeed one of the earliest space age surprises about Venus
was a discovery of its so-called cometary magnetotail in the form of "stringy things"
or plasma current filaments stretching as far as the Earth's orbit.
In the Electric Universe, any body in our solar system on the sufficiently
eccentric orbit about the Sun will display comet-like characteristics.
Due to its movement radially through the Sun's electric field
Venus is at the focus of an electrical discharge
and the electrical phenomena witnessed today on the planet
can be understood as a smaller-scale version of the very activity
witnessed by mankind in prehistory.
The twin vortices at Venus' poles are the focus points of Birkeland currents from the Sun
which drive the planet's super-rotating upper atmosphere.
In recent years solar storms have been found to create increased lightning on Earth
and its electric currents from the Sun
that also drive the extraordinary Venusian lightning.
Venus has a more direct electrical connection with the Sun
which mainstream astronomy describes as so-called, Magnetic Flux Ropes
but magnetic fields and space plasma can only be sustained over time
by electric currents flowing in the plasma.
Although Venus has no water clouds that are thought necessary to generate lightning
there is evidence that lightning on the planet is far more intense than on Earth
with frequent extreme lightning called super bolts
which strike from the Venusian ionosphere directly to ground.
On Earth, water clouds prevent such powerful discharges
by spreading the charge from above transferred there by ionospheric sprites.
The super fast winds of Venus are also difficult to explain by conventional meteorology.
Cloud movements show a 4 day rotation period of the upper atmosphere at the equator,
which declines to 2 days towards the poles.
Within the framework of standard theory no force is present to drive
the upper winds around the planet at such a speed
since Venus itself has rotational period of 243 days retrograde
and the planet's lower winds are exceptionally sluggish.
Since the planet is the same temperature overall,
there is no temperature gradient to drive these winds either.
In recent years it's been reported that the super-fast winds of Venus
have actually been steadily accelerating for nearly a decade.
In the Electric universe, this is explained through analogy
to the simplest electrical motor, called a Faraday disc motor.
The Faraday disc motor requires only a magnetic field
and a disc conductor or something symmetrical.
When current is directed inward to the poles of the object
and out at the equator it will cause the object to rotate.
We note that while the Venusian winds were found to be accelerating,
scientists also discovered that the planet's rotation has been mysteriously slowing down.
In the Electric Universe theory as developed by Wal Thornhill,
the deposition or extraction of charge from an object
will change its mass and therefore its rotation
rate which has been observed on Earth in small changes of the Earth's rotation,
called glitches, when we receive a large blast of charged particles from the Sun.
And glitches in Mars' rotation have also been found
in association with its mysterious global dust storms.
On Venus then, both the accelerating winds and the planet's slowing rotation
could be due to a variation in the incoming electrical current flow,
but most telling of all are the filamentary, so-called, Lichtenberg networks
seen stretching for thousands of miles across Venus' surface.
With electrical discharges occurring high-pressure gases,
the result is the kind of filamentary patterns so clearly present on Venus.
A growing field of evidence suggests that the principles brought to light
by the Electric Universe paradigm
may help to illuminate an extraordinary new picture of Venus,
its place within our solar system today and its remarkable impact on human history.
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