- [Instructor] So let's say that this is a cell.
So we know that all sorts of activity is going on
inside of this cell here, and we will study that
in a lot more depth as we go further
in our study of biology.
But it's important to realize that this cell
and the activity in that cell is not operating in isolation.
That in order to live, that cell needs resources
from the outside world.
So resources need to make their way through
that outer membrane of the cell so it can be used
inside that cellular machinery.
And as that cell does what it does,
it's also going to generate waste products,
and that needs to be released somehow across that membrane.
So you also have waste.
And you also have energy that is going to be transferred
either from the inside of the cell to the outside
or from the outside to the inside.
A lotta times, we imagine that all of the activity
inside the cell is generating thermal energy
that has to be dissipated somehow,
and that is usually the case, not always.
And so you have thermal energy that has to be dissipated.
Now you might see something interesting,
or maybe you haven't seen it just yet,
is that you have all of this activity operating
in the volume of the cell, but then all of this exchange,
all of the resources coming in, the waste coming out,
the thermal energy going in either direction,
it has to be somehow diffused across this surface,
across this two-dimensional surface.
So this raises an interesting question.
As our volume increases, what happens to the ratio
of our surface to our volume?
Because you could imagine, maybe at some point,
the volume gets large enough that you don't have
enough surface area to do these three things well.
And so let's think about this ratio.
Let's think about the ratio of our surface area to volume.
And I'm gonna get a little bit mathy here.
You don't have to know the math for the context
of a biology course, but you need to know
what the conclusion is that the math is going to give us.
So if this is a sphere of radius r,
the surface area of this sphere
is going to be four pi r squared,
and the volume of this sphere
is going to be 4/3 pi r cubed.
So this pi would cancel with that pi.
If we divide the numerator and the denominator by r squared,
we get a one there and then we just get an r
right over here.
If we divide both of these by four, you get a one there,
and this is just going to be a 1/3.
And so we are going to be left with
one over 1/3 r or we could just write this
is this is equal to three over r.
And so we see at least for a spherical cell like this,
as r increases, as our cell gets larger and larger,
the ratio between our surface area to volume decreases.
So let me write that.
As r goes up, then the ratio
between our surface area to volume, surface area to volume,
is going to go down.
The bigger your denominator, the lower the value
is going to be.
And so what that tells us is is that as the volume
of our cell increases, as our cell gets bigger
and bigger and bigger, we have less surface area
per unit of volume.
And so it's going to make that exchange of the resources,
the waste, and that energy harder and harder and harder.
And we would get a similar result if instead
of doing a spherical cell, let's say we did a cuboidal cell.
So let's do it like this, a cuboidal cell.
You might see this in some plants,
something that's roughly cuboidal
or rectangular in some way,
or rectangular prism I should say.
But let's say it's x by x by x.
We could do the same exercise.
Our ratio of surface area to volume is going to be what?
Well our surface area, you have six faces
that are each have an area of x squared,
so our surface area's going to be six x squared.
And then our volume is going to be x times x times x,
over x to the third.
And so this is going to be, divide the numerator
and denominator by x squared, you get six over x.
So once again, you see that as x increases,
our ratio of surface area to volume decreases.
As our denominator increases,
well then that whole expression is going to decrease.
So given this phenomena, it makes it hard
for larger and larger cells to exist.
Because for all the activity happening in the volume,
they don't have enough surface area to do
all of this exchange.
Now there are things we see in biological systems
that help cells get further than what we see here.
If you imagine the two-dimensional cross-section
of this cell, one way to increase the surface area to volume
is for the membrane to look more like this.
The more folds you have, the higher surface area to volume
that you are going to have.
And you indeed see this in a lot of biology.
Anytime you want a high surface area to volume,
you tend to see things like these folds
in the membranes of the cells.