(gentle piano music)
- [Narrator] We're in the Getty Villa
in a room dedicated to Roman Egypt,
and in the middle is this magnificent, intact mummy.
- [Narrator] His name is Herakleides,
and he lived in Egypt during the time
when Egypt was a province of the Roman Empire.
- [Narrator 1] When people think about Egypt
in the ancient world,
they often think about the several thousand-year
Pharaonic period when Egypt was ruled by Egyptian kings.
that was followed by a 300-year period when Egypt
was ruled by Macedonian Greeks.
And this we call the Ptolemaic period.
But this mummy dates from the time immediately after that,
when Rome had taken Egypt as a province.
- [Narrator] During the Ptolemaic period
there was an influx of Greeks into Egypt.
There were Greek men who were members
of the Ptolemaic court and administration,
but also a number of Greek men
who served as mercenaries in the Ptolemaic army.
And the Ptolemies rewarded these men
by giving them land grants.
And these men settled in Egypt,
many of them inter-married
with the local Egyptian population.
And what happened over that 300-year period
was that many blended Greco-Egyptian communities developed
and Herakleides probably was a high ranking member
of one of these Greco-Egyptian communities.
The practice of mummification, which had been engaged in,
in Egypt for a millennia carried into the Ptolemaic
and the Roman periods.
The concept of mummifying the individual,
and then creating a likeness of them
to accompany them into the tomb is integral
to Egyptian ideas about the afterlife
and the significance of preserving the body
and preserving a likeness to carry them
over into the next life.
- [Narrator] And for me, while we stand in this gallery
it's impossible not to see that face as the face of the man
immediately below that thin piece of wood.
- We get such an immediate sense of connection
looking into his face.
In the earlier periods,
the Egyptian types of portraiture were very idealized.
They weren't meant to be portraits
in our modern sense of the term.
But what we see in this period is individuals
choosing to engage in this Greco-Roman tradition
of realistic, naturalistic, likenesses.
There probably is still an element of idealization
but we really do get the sense
that they are meant to represent the individual.
- [Narrator] And from analysis that has been done,
we know that the age of the man represented in paint
is approximately the age of the man within.
- [Narrator] He was approximately 20 years old when he died.
- [Narrator] I was looking carefully at the surface
and the hatching and the crosshatching
of the tempera paint is so fine
and gives a wonderful sense of dimensionality.
A sense that we are looking into a face that is present.
- [Narrator] The artist has achieved a wonderful sense
of a lifelike quality in a three dimensionality.
- [Narrator] The painting is done
on a thin wooden panel made out of linden,
which was grown in Europe.
So this is imported wood
and that importation is evident also in the red
that we see in the shroud that surrounds the face.
- [Narrator] The red pigment is actually
a red lead that came from the Rio Tinto region of Spain
where the Romans mined silver.
So like the wooden board that was used
to create his portrait.
This reflects that Herakleides had access
to these wide ranging trade networks
that connected the entire Mediterranean
and near east in the Roman Imperial period.
- [Narrator] And that red is a beautiful rich ground
for very elaborate iconography on the body's surface
- [Narrator] While his portrait is an a Greco-Roman style
all of the painting on the shroud itself
depicts Egyptian deities
and Egyptian amuletic icons meant to protect Herakleides
as he makes his transition into the next world.
- [Narrator] At the top,
we see two falcons facing each other.
- [Narrator] We see two falcons wearing the white crown
of upper Egypt.
And those might represent the god Horus,
who was the son of the god of the dead Osiris.
At either shoulder,
we also see icons known as the eye of Horus.
An icon that symbolized wellbeing and protection.
Between the two falcons,
we see this elaborate crown,
which consists of a pair of cow's horns
surrounding a sun disc,
a top which are two plumes.
And this was a type of crown that was worn
by several different goddesses.
It could be referencing the goddess Isis
or perhaps the goddess Hathor.
- [Narrator] And below we see another figure
also wearing an elaborate crown.
- [Narrator] This is a somewhat enigmatic figure
because she could represent several different goddesses.
The goddess is standing with her wings outstretched,
and in each hand she holds a feather
representing Ma'at or balance or justice.
And on top up of her head, she's wearing this crown
with cow horns surrounding a solar disc,
surmounted by two feathers.
She could represent the goddess Nut,
who was the sky goddess, often depicted in Egyptian burials.
But she could also be the goddess Isis
who similarly served a protective function.
Both of these goddesses are depicted
in Egyptian funerary iconography,
protecting the deceased as they journey into the next life.
And then on either side of her,
we see these two stands or plinths.
On top of which is a modius,
a type of grain measure that was incorporated
into crowns worn by the goddess Isis during this period.
- [Narrator] I'm struck by the gilding of her outfit.
- [Narrator] We see ample use of gilding
in the burial of Herakleides.
Not only on his portrait itself,
but then also on the painted decoration on his shroud.
Which signals his wealth,
but also references the fact that the gods
were believed to have skin of gold.
- [Narrator] And below that goddess,
we see a waterbird, an Ibis.
What's so striking to me is that just as
the painted face is set above the face of the man
within his shroud,
the representation of the Ibis is also above an actual bird.
- [Narrator] Herakleides is not the only mummy included
in this burial.
There is a mummified Ibis bird
placed over Herakleides' abdomen
and incorporated into his mummy wrappings.
And it's located approximately in the same spot
as the painted image of the Ibis on the mummy's shroud.
And the Ibis was an animal associated with the god Thoth.
The God of wisdom and learning and scribes.
So the placement of an actual mummified animal
within the mummy wrappings of a person is extremely unusual.
And it's difficult to understand what it might signify.
It might be that Herakleides was a priest of Thoth
or perhaps he was a scribe.
And so he's signaling his profession.
It could simply be that Herakleides was a personal devotee
of Thoth and wanted to be buried with an Ibis
for this reason.
It could also have funerary connotations
because Thoth played a role in specific steps
in the process of being admitted into the afterlife.
And it's also possible
that it references all of these simultaneously
- [Narrator] As we move down the legs,
there's another god who's represented this time
flanked by two cobras.
- [Narrator] This is the god of the dead Osiris
shown as a mummified figure.
In Egyptian mythology Osiris was the first to be mummified.
And so he's standing flanked
by two cobras wearing sun discs on their head.
And Osiris wears this distinctive
type of crown called the Atef crown
and his skin is gilded as well.
- [Narrator] Finally, as we reach the ankles,
we see yet another falcon
this time holding the feathers of Ma'at.
- [Narrator] We see here,
this falcon with outstretched wings
and above each of his wings,
he holds a feather of Ma'at representing truth,
balance or justice.
And he wears a solar disc on top of his head.
So this is probably the solar deity Ra-Horakhty.
- [Narrator] And all of these figures
would've been understood
to have played a role in the journey of this man
from the world of the living, to the world of the dead.
- [Narrator] They're all associated
with creating a safe passage into the next life
- [Narrator] And looking closely.
I see golden toe caps that are represented in paint
- [Narrator] In Egyptian mummification,
there was a tradition of creating caps
or sheaths of gold that would be placed
over individual toes.
The most famous example, it comes from the new kingdom
from the burial of King Tutankhamun.
So this painted image is a reference to that practice.
- [Narrator] And then finally there is an inscription
- [Narrator] And this inscription
is how we know Herakleides' name,
which we're extremely fortunate to know,
because in most instances,
portrait mummies don't have names associated with them.
But above his feet in Greek letters,
we see the name Herakleides.
- [Narrator] And that's a Greek name
and a reminder that although we've now described all
of these ancient Egyptian deities
this is a multicultural moment in Egypt.
- [Narrator] And it's also a signal
that Herakleides might have had a multicultural sense
of his own identity.
He very possibly could have identified simultaneously
as being both Greek and Egyptian
and also probably identified
as an inhabitant of the Roman empire.
So in some sense
he was simultaneously all three of these things.
(gentle piano music)