atoms are ridiculous and unbelievably small a single human hair is about as thick as 500
000 carbon atoms stacked over each other look at your fist it contains trillions and trillions of
atoms if one atom in it were about as big as a marble atoms are very small how big
would your fist be well done with the with the magical insight there about the size of Earth
hmm still hard to imagine let's try something different wow that's that's Jesus [Music]
oh wow look how old this little animation is
look at your little finger imagine that its tip is as big as the room you're sitting in right now now
fill the room with grains of rice one rice corn represents one cell of your fingertip now let's
zoom in on the can we not that just sounds like it'd be a pain in the ass to clean up rice corn
and now one cell is as big as the room you're in right now speaking of rice corns at Fusion
experiment uh announcement ignition that did you guys remember to use that as an example of
rice corn as the little palette uh the and the fuel in the middle let's fill it with rice again
this is about the size of a protein and now let us look cozy kazak's videos are usually really
good but this is um I don't think this is uh being very helpful fill all the empty spaces
between the rice corns with fine grains of sand this is roughly how small atoms are what isn't
it does paint a physical picture so it does help an atom made of let us just pretend that atoms
look like this for a minute to make it easier to understand an atom consists of three Elementary
particles neutrons protons and electrons don't forget the gluons they glue things together
in a sense it actually is protons and neutrons bind together and form the assets uh I was someone
joking there okay so when we're talking about gluons we're going to have to go a bit deeper
than what he's showing here we're talking about subatomic particles there so I'm not sure if he's
going to talk about subatomic stuff right we're talking about atoms here so let's just stick to
the atoms and steer away from the particle physics stuff atom core held together by the
strong interaction one of the four fundamental forces in the universe so the standard model
which I just mentioned particle physics right that basically wraps up these three into the standard
model of particle physics and uh early enough in the universe these actually merge into one
unified Force this this freaking thing over here we have no idea how it fits in with the standard
model of particle physics these three together are in the standard model the standard model is
what you call a Quantum field Theory um and but gravity we don't know how gravity fits in with
Quantum field theories people are trying to do it in theoretical physics but still to no avail
so let's talk a bit about I guess these three in this video if he's going to talk about them
they are made from quarks and held together by gluons all right so this is particle physics
subatomic territory okay and so you can kind of see the glons is what I was just sort of getting
at you've got the quarks and the protons here uh well this is a neutron protons which are one over
uh they are what we smashed together recently on the 5th of December to get the fusion reaction PP
chain Fusion proton proton uh you know so held together by gluons nobody knows exactly how
small quarks are we think they might literally be points like even even protons right which is what
quarks uh what protons are made of corks but um protons we still don't have a good estimate
on the size or even the mass of these things so that's interesting to note as well geometry try
to imagine them as being Zero Dimensional we suspect oh yeah that that makes sense
quarks and electrons are the most fundamental components of matter in the universe
electrons orbit the atom core they travel at a speed of about 2 200 kilometers per second
wow this is outdated because uh guess what they are the letter speed they're not doing that so
you can calculate that they have angular momentum orbital angular momentum right which suggests that
they're orbiting that's why you had the ball model with you know way back but we quickly realized
that is not what's going on yeah seven years um so electrons are actually not orbiting right
even though they have orbital or angular momentum which is really interesting so what is it this so
something to also add in here you know the the electrons themselves subatomic particles also
have uh another type of angular momentum and that's what we call spin okay so it's angular
momentum generally means like you know spinning things right and so we know electrons have spin
but they're not actually spinning um so that might confuse you again but I brought that into the mix
to to kind of show you like you know the angular momentum they're talking about here with electrons
going around atoms is not what's happening so you might have heard of the electron uh probability
cloud or orbitals or these are referring to what electrons are really doing so electrons have this
fuzzy uh wave function which is you know in a sense not physical although some people suspect
it might be physical and it's not physical because the wave function is you know described by a real
and a an imaginary number so it's it's complex valued and when you have an imaginary number
representing something well how do you represent something in reality with an imaginary number
so now you might be confused how we get how real calculations out of something that has imaginary
numbers in it well math Wizardry math tricks um but you can get probabilities out of these things
right and if you go deeper into the framework of quantum theory it suggests that nature is actually
probabilistic inherently uh and so what this means for tying this back to what we're talking
about you have this probability Cloud um basically the probability cloud is actually uh the electron
is in a superposition of every possible place around in this orbital and it actually has a a
non-zero probability of being everywhere which is kind of weird to think about so uh the the
fuzzy electron probability cloud is much more accurate than thinking about electron orbiting
an atom it's more like everywhere at once around the atom in a fuzzy probability cloud
nature is far weirder than how we try to interpret it in our you know a mind that evolved on the
Savannahs of Africa to interpret how lions are chasing us and [ __ ] like that right
this is why this isn't making a lot of sense if this is a first to you these electrons are
literally in this fuzzy state of being somewhat everywhere at the same time but if that sounds
like craziness trust me go learn physics it gets even worse all right go learn some Quantum stuff
go study this at University we need more people in it and it'll get even more mind-blowing I am
just this is the tip of the iceberg this stuff is beautiful it touches on what we think nature we
think there's some truth to it because guess what planes fly computers work and with we wouldn't
have these things if we didn't have beautiful quantum theory which gives us you know close
to 14 12 to 14 decimal places of accuracy with crazy complex crazy uh calculations so
get involved there's only so much I can sort of tell you here without math because all of this
stuff is described by a math they represent physical Concepts but unfortunately when you
when you start merging together heaps of physical Concepts that don't relate to anything physical
what I mean by that is they don't these physical Concepts don't always relate to things that they
don't always have analogs to human sort of reality so spin it doesn't have an analog analog Quantum
Fields doesn't have an analog it's not the same as just a wave or something so that's why you
can't approach these things without the math the math is you know the concepts in there there's
no Concepts there's no physical things that correspond to it and so building up a physical
picture sometimes is not possible without the math basically I'm creating this new kind of
VPN called the post Quantum VPN it's literally got these things in it called post Quantum algorithms
and they can actually theoretically defend against a quantum computer because a quantum
computer wouldn't even be able to break this encryption the math problems in them so hard
and so you can use it for free right now so if you want to come use it and support my channel
and this YouTube you can do that by using this uh dude how are you going to communicate all
this info I know sorry let's keep going I have about 2 200 kilometers per second fast enough to
get around the Earth in just over 18 seconds why does the energy of glue and interactions bring
forward mass that seems counter-intuitive to me yes this that's really complicated and that is
literally like you know Advanced Quantum field Theory uh too deep sorry we'll cut some of that
out probably for the video like quarks we think electrons are fundamental particles
99.999999999999 of an atom's volume is just empty space except that this is where the probability
Cloud stuff comes in all right so it's not actually empty you've got the stuff that
is in a superposition of being in these places so it's technically not empty until you take Quantum
measurements of these things and collapse the wave functions which are permeating these areas
so keep that in mind you'll hear people say everything is mostly empty space not true
not true my friends everything uh you know Quantum Fields so why like you might think all of this was
kind of pointless to talk about no Quantum field Theory which is what the standard model particle
physics is right so to go even deeper than just basic quantum mechanics is you get to
this place called quantity and everything is gone to Fields particles like electrons have a
corresponding Quantum field and everything is just Quantum fields and all particles are excitations
in this field and so if everything's just going to build everything is like
um so every particle has a corresponding Quantum field and they're all superimpolished on top of
each other and so to understand how this stuff works which we're talking about is to understand
how Quantum Fields work and to understand how Quantum builds work is to understand
how our world works because our world is just mixing and fluctuating condom builds
um so if you kind of ever want to try and approach what's going on around here you've got
to understand the stuff otherwise you you'll never even get close but the only way you can do that is
if you go study Physics that it isn't because you've got all these Quantum Fields everywhere
right and they've got these Quantum Fields have wave functions uh and they've got all this stuff
going on right and it's always constantly bubbling and moving and there's virtual stuff happening
right so it's not empty space it's technically has non-zero probabilities of things being everywhere
um so you'll hear a lot of scientists who've never learned kind of field Theory talk about
how uh you know just mostly empty space everywhere not true even in empty space where there's meant
to be nothing literally nothing guess what the corner fields are doing they're bubbling
this is what you call the quantum Pond you still have stuff even when you have nothing
how does that make sense go ask freaking physicists we perceive as Emptiness is
actually a space filled by Quantum fluctuations fields that have potential energy and build and
dissolve spontaneously these fluctuations have a fundamental impact on how charged particles
interact but that's a topic for another video how much space to the core and electrons actually
fill if you were to subtract all the spaces between the hold on is that me Kelly no it's
just somebody that kind of looks like me some chords from the Empire State Building it would
be about as big as a rice corn all the atoms of humanity would fit in a teaspoon there are extreme
objects where States like this actually exist in a neutron star atom cores are compacted so densely
that the mass of three Suns fits into an object only a few kilometers wide by the way what do
atoms look like well kind of like this so here you've got the orbitals right so this is where
you're likely to find the electron but guess what it also is a non-zero probability of being
elsewhere as well and everywhere else in the universe for that matter but luckily this is
where you're probably gonna find it trons are like a wave function and a particle at the same time we
can calculate where an electron might be at any given moment in time these clouds of pro when you
go into Corner field Theory everything is just by functions and Quantum Fields so keep that in mind
probability called orbitals are where electrons might be with a certainty of 95 the probability
of finding an electron approaches zero the further we get away from the atom core but it's non-zero
but it actually never is zero which means that in theory the electron of an atom could be on
the other side of the universe yes okay wait a second good man these strange things make up
all the matter in the universe for many dozens of known elements you don't need many dozens
of Elementary particles just three take one proton and one electron and you have hydrogen
and a proton and a neutron you have helium add a few more you get carbon a few more fluorine even
more gold and so on and every atom of an element is the same all hydrogen atoms in the universe for
example are the same the hydrogen in your body is exactly the same as the hydrogen in the sun
do you feel confused right now we certainly do nothing on this Scale of the Universe makes any
sense in a Pokemon belt our world and we've not even begun talking about quantum mechanics or the
particle Zoo which are even stranger our model of atoms has changed a number of times since we first
conceived hey look at all these beautiful so we're talking a lot about the ball model yes there were
earlier ones but that would before we even knew about some of the particles down there Rutherford
and Thompson famously discovered uh you know the uh what's called the um so I can't remember which
ones they specifically discovered but you got to remember Thompson uh Rutherford was a student of
Thompson so I think Thompson discovered the the neutron I think it was and Rutherford discovered
the proton I think or was it the other way around did and the current one will certainly not be the
last so let us support scientists and research and wait on our next wave of mind-boggling new
information about this strange world that is the basis it's gonna change for our existence
ah look they've got their team up wow Thank You Phillip Stephen Thomas Stephen Martin oh fun
fact I was walking around the city the other day and someone was wearing a kurzka's out top these
two old guys and uh one of them turned back and looked at me and I was like I wonder if
this guy that guy's involved with like creating codes because Arc stuff no [ __ ] this happened
in the city and I was like I wonder if he's seen my YouTube videos and that's why you turn back
is wearing like a full-on curse exact shirt and it was just the
uh logo and I was like hang on that's that's crazy socks logo