Voiceover: I'm Charles Prober.
Voiceover: And I'm Morgan Theis.
Voiceover: And in this video, we're going to talk
about pulmonary disease caused by tuberculosis.
The reason we're dedicating a full-on video to pulmonary disease
is that pulmonary disease is the most common form of clinical tuberculosis.
It represents somewhere between 60 and 80% of all clinical disease
attributable to tuberculosis worldwide, so it's way important.
Voiceover: Okay.
Voiceover: With pulmonary disease, as with any form of tuberculosis,
disease may result either from a primary infection
that is the first time the host is seeing the infection,
and that's called primary, or it may be secondary,
which results from reactivation of dormant infection
or sometimes from infection from a second source
in a person who had a prior infection.
It's their second experience with tuberculosis.
The distinction between these two is that with primary tuberculosis,
pneumonia following primary tuberculosis,
or pulmonary disease following primary tuberculosis
is more common amongst children than adults.
Children are more likely to manifest pulmonary disease
with their primary infection.
Then the other contrasting element is that with primary tuberculosis,
the part of the lung which is involved
is usually the lower lobes or the middle lobes.
That's contrasted from secondary tuberculosis,
where the part of the lung that's involved is usually the upper lobes.
it is said that this difference results from the higher oxygen tension
in the upper lobes, which I think facilitates reactivation,
but I'm not sure about the mechanism, but nonethless,
it is an association which has stood the test of time.
From a clinical standpoint, the disease caused by tuberculosis
can be the same whether it's resulting from a primary infection
or from a secondary infection.
The disease can be along an entire spectrum.
At one end of the spectrum is mild disease
with a minimal amount of symptoms attributable to the infection
and at the other extreme it can be very severe
with progressive lung damage, severe disability, even leading to death.
Not only is there differences along that clinical spectrum,
but in parallel, there are radiographic differences along the spectrum.
In some occasions, pulmonary disease is associated
with a small infiltrate, a small abnormality on the chest x-ray,
whereas at other times the disease may be widespread
throughout both lungs and may take on a cavitary appearance,
which results from lung parenchymal destruction,
so really across a broad spectrum.
Voiceover: Okay, so with either primary or secondary pulmonary TB,
you can be anywhere on this spectrum?
Voiceover: Exactly.
Voiceover: Okay.
Voiceover: The other thing that I would say
about pulmonary tuberculosis is if it is not recognized
and not treated or back in the day
where there was no anti-tuberculous therapy,
the clinical course of disease, a so-called natural history,
that is what happens if you don't treat it,
was divided a third, a third, and a third.
One-third of patients went on to die of their untreated pulmonary disease,
and that death could often be quite rapid and it was called,
back in the day, galloping consumption, consuming the person's life.
That's about a third.
A second third, the patients would actually spontaneously remit,
they would get better.
Their signs and symptoms would go away and they would then be well.
Then the final third would have progressive lung involvement,
not galloping, but more slow, and this was often referred to
as consumption without the word galloping in front of it.
That would be the natural history of tuberculosis.
Voiceover: It always seems like they should just call it
the natural course, instead of the natural history, but there you go.
Voiceover: I think that that's a good point.
Now, when you see somebody who may be infected with tuberculosis,
they often have, in addition to their pulmonary signs and symptoms,
they have other nonspecific signs and symptoms.
So, this person who's lying in bed and you can see,
first of all, the person appears to be quite thin.
In fact, weight loss is very common as a nonspecific finding
of any chronic illness, but in this context, tuberculosis.
Other common so-called systemic symptoms associated with tuberculosis
are fevers and the fevers may go on for a long period of time,
days to weeks to months.
The fevers may be associated with sweating,
and that sweating often is most prominent at nighttime, I'm not sure why,
but that's so called night sweats, and this combination, of course,
makes somebody just feel generally unwell,
they have so-called malaise, they don't want to eat,
so they're anorexic and that contributes to the weight loss.
These are the systemic symptoms that may accompany any kind
of tuberculous infection, including lung disease.
Then there are some signs, in addition to the signs you will get
because you have pneumonia,
so the clinical signs associated with pneumonia,
or the clinical signs associated
with progressive pulmonary symptoms,
things like cough, shortness of breath, inability to breathe well,
especially when laying down at nighttime.
In addition to those findings, there are some other nonspecific things
that you should keep in mind when you're contemplating TB
as a diagnosis and they're shown in the pictures.
One picture, the bottom picture is of the legs
of a young individual who has tuberculosis
and it shows these elevated, red nodules.
Red, erythema, and nodular, nodosum,
and this is referred to as erythema nodosum.
It is not specific to tuberculosis.
It can occur in other diseases, including some fungal infections,
like that caused by coccidioidomycosis,
and including streptococcal infections,
but it also is associated with tuberculosis
and the upper picture, of course, is an eye
and this is showing a particular form of conjunctivitis,
so redness of the eye, and that is referred to
as phlyctenular conjunctivitis and that is something
which is associated with tuberculosis as well
and I wouldn't worry too much about spelling it
because it's kind of difficult to spell.
Voiceover: All right, well -
Voiceover: As Morgan is demonstrating.
L-Y-C-T-E-N-U-L-A-R, phlyctenular.
Voiceover: Phlyctenular.
Voiceover: Conjunctivitis.
These are some of the signs and symptoms
that may be associated with tuberculosis in general
in pulmonary TB, which is the predominant form of clinical disease.
Voiceover: Okay.
Voiceover: The final thing we'd like to spend
a few moments talking about, because it's at least
in the chest cavity is pleural tuberculosis.
This is little bit distinct from pulmonary tuberculosis,
of course the pleural membrane is that which surrounds the lung
and pleural disease caused by tuberculosis can result in one of two ways.
One is that it may be associated with the first infection, primary infection
and it is said that it can be due to hypersensitivity,
so an immune reaction of the body to the infection.
Then the other way that it can result, either from primary disease,
or I think with secondary disease, as well,
is as a result of contiguous spread.
Direct spread of the infection from the lungs into the pleural space.
One of the distinguishing features of pleural tuberculosis,
compared to other forms of a pleural infection
is that the effusions may really be quite large.
The one that you've drawn showing it in the lower part of the left lung,
is a modest-sized pleural effusion,
but sometimes it can be even larger than that
and extend along the whole side of the pleural space.
A large pleural effusion, when you see that,
you should think of tuberculosis as sort of one cause.
Pleural effusions result in an extension of the pulmonary symptoms.
You can imagine because they're squeezing down the lungs
that the person is short of breath.
If you percuss their chest on physical examination,
it sounds dull, because there's not air that you're percussing,
but rather the solid pleural fluid and when you listen to their chest,
they may have decreased breath sounds,
because you're not hearing the lung as clearly,
because the pleural fluid is in between the stethoscope and the lung.
The best way to figure out what's causing a pleural effusion in general
and for tuberculosis specifically, is to sample the pleural fluid,
to do a pleurocentesis, a pleural tap.
When you do that, the typical findings are
that the fluid appears straw in color, so yellowish in color,
it typically has a very high protein concentration,
a low to normal glucose concentration,
and white cells that number between 500 and a few thousand.
Voiceover: Is that high or low?
Voiceover: That's high, there should be no white cells in the pleural space.
There should be no pleural fluid, so 500 to a few thousand.
With a bacterial effusion, it may be
a much higher white count than that, but with TB it's in that range.
You can try to visualize the TB in the pleural fluid
by doing a TB specific stain, such as a Ziehl-Neelson stain, or a ZN stain.
Voiceover: So it's Z-I-E-H-L-N-E-E-L-S-E-N stain
and that's actually looking for the tuberculosis bacteria.
Voiceover: Right.
Voiceover: Okay.
Voiceover: The Ziehl-Neelsen stain is positive
somewhere between 10 and 25% of the time
when TB is actually there, so it's not very sensitive.
Culturing the fluid is more sensitive.
It takes a longer time, it can take up to four to six weeks to culture
and it has a sensitivity in the range of 25 to 75%.
Actually, the best sensitivity and the test, therefore,
that you should do, if you think that this effusion represents
tuberculosis is to biopsy the pleura itself
and a pleural biopsy has a yield of about 80%.
If you think somebody's got pleural TB with an effusion,
pleural biopsy certainly should be done.