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A showdown took place on the plains of Wyoming some thirty-four million years ago.
For weapons, the fighters had only their strong teeth and strange, powerful jaws.
Walking on cloven hooves, they sized each other up until finally, one of them lunged.
It sank its teeth into the face of its rival, carving deep scars into its snout and around
its eye sockets.
It even left a bite wound on the roof of its opponent’s mouth and crushed the sinus cavities
in its skull.
We don’t know how this fight ended.
But we know that it happened -- and it was not an isolated incident.
These ancient foes were animals known as Archaeotherium , members of a fascinating group of mammals
called the entelodonts.
Because they were thought to look vaguely like some kind of nightmarish hogs, entelodonts
have been given one of the coolest nicknames in all of paleontology: The “hell pigs.”
But despite the name, we don’t know where these so-called “hell pigs” belong in
the mammalian family tree.
In fact, once you get a close look at them, you see that they don’t look that much like
pigs,
If anything, they kind of look like a bunch of other animals put together.
They had walked on hooves, like pigs do, but had longer legs, almost like deer.
They had hunched backs, a bit like rhinos or bison.
And everything above the neck on these animals was just strange: huge canine teeth, ridiculously
big heads and cheek bones that were just … what?!
But as is often, if not always, the case, there is some evolutionary method to this
anatomical madness.
The seemingly strange anatomy of the hell pigs can actually help us understand their
behavior and lifestyles, and lend insights into the competitive environments in which
they lived.
Unlike the “true pigs” we know today, these creatures were at times fierce hunters,
resourceful foragers, canny scavengers, and not above turning on each other to fight over
food, territory, or sex.
Their fossils tell a tale of hard times and sometimes hellacious lives that made them
truly worthy of their hellish nickname.
Nobody knows what the hell pigs evolved from.
The first of them appear abruptly in the fossil record of China and Mongolia about 40 million
years ago, around the middle of the Eocene Epoch.
But we do know that these early species -- like Eoentelodon -- were artiodactyls, even-toed
ungulates that today include deer, hippos, and pigs.
And paleontologists haven’t figured out what their closest living relatives are.
But according to two recent studies that compared the anatomies of a wide range of artiodactyls,
entelodonts may be more closely related to hippos and whales, than they are to pigs.
Because, yes, whales’ ancestors were themselves hooved mammals that once walked on land.
Now, by 35 million years ago, some entelodonts, like Brachyhyops, had dispersed from Asia
and into North America.
And before long, hell pigs on both sides of the Pacific started to get big.
Like just really big.
In Eurasia, there was Entelodon, whose range stretched from Japan to France and stood about
1.3 meters high at the shoulder.
Similar in size and shape was Archaeotherium, which stalked North America from 34 million
to about 25 million years ago.
And just like Entelodon, it had a huge geographic range.
Fossils of Archaeotherium have been found as far north as Saskatchewan and as far south
as Texas.
And as these hell pigs got larger and more widespread, they began to develop perhaps
their most peculiar trait -- long, massive skulls.
The skull of Archaeotherium, for example, was a little under 60 centimeters long, more
than a quarter of the animal’s entire length!
But the largest of the entelodonts was Daeodon.
This hulking beast was more than 2 meters tall at the shoulder and may have weighed
almost half a ton!
And its head was almost a meter long, 35% of its total body length!
Now if you’ve got a big, giant head, you need some sizable muscles to support it.
Which probably explains another eye-catching feature of entelodont anatomy.
In many of the later hell pigs, the tall, bony projections on the backs of their vertebrae,
called neural spines, were unusually long near the shoulders, creating a kind of hump.
These spines probably served as attachment points for the powerful muscles that held
up the creatures’ giant heads.
Now, even though the hell pigs had huge skulls, their braincases were pretty small.
And judging by the contours of this cavity, scientists think that they may have had big
olfactory lobes, suggesting that they had an acute sense of smell.
But the true purpose of the entelodonts’ giant heads might have just been that they
allowed the hell pigs to eat … pretty much anything they wanted.
And the proof of that is in their teeth.
Entelodonts had long incisors, sturdy canines, and sharp serrated premolars.
And they had blunt, square molars that are the hallmarks of a true omnivore.
But, we talked to an expert in hell-pig research, Dr. Scott Foss of the U.S. Bureau of Land
Management.
And he pointed out to us that the weird thing about entelodont teeth is that they were coated
in a layer of enamel that he described as “freakishly thick.”
And with these well-protected teeth, Dr. Foss said, entelodonts could probably crack open
bones, like today’s hyenas do.
Now, if you’re going to bite through bones, you need some powerful jaw muscles.
And the hell pigs most certainly had those.
Ok put your fingers on your temples and bite down a couple of times.
What you feel moving around are your temporalis muscles.
They start on the sides of your skull, pass under your cheekbones, and attach to the lower
jaw.
Now, entelodonts had absolutely massive cheekbones that stuck out of the sides of their faces.
And paleontologists think that these features allowed for some truly huge jaw muscles, which
gave the animals incredibly strong bites.
So, unlike some other artiodactyls -- which
developed specialized teeth for eating different kinds of plants -- it seems the hell pigs
ate whatever they could find, from plant matter -- like roots, nuts, and fruit -- to carrion
and maybe even live prey.
For example, in eastern Wyoming, there’s a 33 million year-old bonebed that includes
the jumbled skeletons of small American camels known as Poebrotherium
And the camels’ skulls, necks, and ribs are covered in bite marks that line up precisely
with the teeth of Archeotherium.
So, some paleontologists have suggested that hell pigs chased down a bunch of these little
camels and dragged them back to this site to eat later, creating a sort of ancient “meat
locker.”
Scientists have also recovered fossils of chalicotheres and rhinos with bite marks on
them that, again, perfectly match the teeth of entelodonts, which could be evidence of
scavenging, predation, or both.
And, as we saw in that ancient showdown in Wyoming, the hell pigs were also known to
go after each other.
Not as prey, but as rivals.
In 2001, Dr. Foss and his colleagues reviewed 170 hell pig skulls and found that at least
7 percent of them had healed bite marks on their snouts and faces.
Based on their shape and placement, these wounds were most likely made by other entelodonts,
in competition over mates, food, or territory.
And in combat, too, those powerful jaws probably came in handy.
Paleontologists have found that hell pigs could open their mouths really wide -- as
much as 109 degrees in Archeotherium.
This enormous gape would’ve not only helped in eating big, hard foods, like roots, but
it also would’ve allowed the entelodonts to jaw-wrestle -- lunging at opponents with
open mouths -- much like hippos do today.
After millions of years of hard living, the last of the entelodonts died out about 17
million years ago, in the Miocene Epoch.
And the reasons for their extinction remain a bit mysterious.
Because animals like hell pigs, that can eat almost anything, are usually quite good at
adjusting to environmental changes.
Part of their downfall might have been fueled by competition, like from the up-and-coming
carnivores known as the bear dogs.
And in some places where hell pig fossils have been found, scientists have observed
an interesting pattern.
At two fossil sites in South Dakota and Nebraska, large numbers of entelodonts have been found
at features that appear to be watering holes that dried up.
We know that droughts became much more common in the middle Miocene, as the climate of North
America became drier.
So, it could be that hell pigs were especially vulnerable to droughts, and many of them met
their end waiting for rains that would never come.
And yet they persisted for 25 million years, leaving behind their strange remains
that hint at an equally odd mixture of adaptations and behaviors.
Like bears and pigs, they probably ate almost anything, from roots to meat.
Like rhinos, they used specialized backbones to hold up their giant heads.
They fought like hippos, and, like hyenas, they had heavily-enameled teeth that they
could’ve used to crack open bones.
In the end, life is never easy for any organism.
But the hell pigs turned out to be well-equipped enough to survive millions of years of hard
times, from periods of drought to showdowns on the high plains.
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