Most people are aware by this point that quantum computing is a game-changing piece of technology
that exploits some of the more peculiar properties of quantum mechanics in order to solve specific
tasks at a rate that is significantly quicker than traditional computers.
These issues vary from mathematics to retail business, and from physics to finance.
If we master quantum technology, the gains should benefit the entire economy and boost
competitiveness.
But, can these quantum computers be used to solve the universe's mysteries?
There are numerous mysteries in space that scientists are seeking to solve, and in order
to gain a deeper understanding of these mysteries, scientists are daringly attempting to duplicate
them in the lab using cutting-edge technology.
Like how they created a wormhole using Musk's Neuralink AI computer, then quickly shut it
down.
What were these scientists hoping to accomplish with their experiment, and how can a wormhole
be generated with a quantum computer?
Stick around till the end to know all the shocking details of this experiment.
A wormhole is a special solution to Einstein's general theory of relativity equations that
creates a tunnel between two distant points in space or time.
The concept of a wormhole emerged soon after the discovery of the first exact, non-trivial
solution in General Relativity: the Schwarzschild solution, which corresponds to a non-rotating
black hole.
To obtain this solution, all you have to do is take completely flat, empty space and place
down one object of infinitesimal volume, but finite mass.
Wherever you put that, you'll have a black hole with a specific mass surrounded by an
event horizon with a radius determined by that mass.
In late 1915, Einstein completed General Relativity, and in early 1916, Karl Schwarzschild published
this early, amazing solution, which is still relevant and frequently used today.
However, scientists never discovered a way to keep a stable wormhole in the Universe
until Musk's quantum computer came along.
But where do wormholes come from?
In 1935, Albert Einstein and Nathan Rosen found the simplest conceivable Wormhole solution,
which is why wormholes are also known as Einstein-Rosen bridges.
Einstein and Rosen started with a mathematical solution to the problem of a black hole, which
consists of a singularity, which is a point of infinite density, and an event horizon,
which is a region surrounding their Singularity beyond which nothing can get away.
They observed that they could extend this approach to include white holes, which are
the polar opposite of black holes.
These hypothetical white holes, like black holes, have a singularity, but they work in
reverse, with nothing entering the white hole's Event Horizon and any material inside the
white hole being injected immediately.
Einstein and Rosen discovered that every black hole is theoretically associated with a white
hole, but because the two holes are in separate positions in space, they are connected via
a tunnel or a wormhole.
Whether or not wormholes can physically exist or not is a question that’s still hotly
debated.
Yes, we can mathematically write down solutions to Einstein’s equations that include them,
but mathematics is not the same as physics.
Mathematics tells you what’s within the realm of physical possibility, but only the
actual, real Universe itself is going to reveal to you what’s physically true.
The places we’d look for such physical evidence have all come up empty so far.
But what do you get if you combine wormholes and quantum computing?
Quantum computing has altered the world, altering fields as diverse as communications, AI, and
health.
Moreover, Google has announced that their quantum computer is superior to classical
computers, a significant milestone in the development of quantum computing.
So, what is quantum computing, and how does it operate?
Standard computer chips employ bits, which are analogous to tiny switches that can be
in either the off (represented by a 0) or on (represented by a 1) position.
Millions of these bits, in various configurations of ones and zeroes, make up every program
you use, every website you visit, and every picture you snap.
In quantum computers, "bits" are replaced by "qubits," which can be in a variety of
states beyond simply "on" or "off," including a continuous spectrum.
If you give a standard computer the task of navigating its way out of a maze, for instance,
it will go down each branch, eliminating them one by one, until it finds the exit.
A quantum computer can traverse the maze simultaneously.
Entanglement is another property of qubits; ordinarily, the outcome of one coin has no
influence on the outcome of the other; they are independent.
Entanglement happens when two particles are physically separated yet are linked together;
if one comes up heads, the other will as well.
Next, let's go into how wormholes and entanglement are interconnected.
How two black holes entangle with one another was of interest to physicists Juan Maldacena
of Princeton's Institute for Advanced Study and Leonard Susskind of Stanford University.
It is assumed that entanglement takes place between extremely small particles, rather
than between enormous cosmic bodies.
However, Susskind and Maldacena proposed a connection between entanglement and wormholes
because they reason that if two black holes were entangled and then separated, the result
would be a wormhole connecting them.
Since then, other research groups have agreed that their theory convincingly shows that
entangled quarks are connected via a wormhole in a simplified reality.
This concept postulates that the Wormhole can be found in our 4D universe, which consists
of 3 spatial dimensions and 1 temporal dimension.
This is like using a two-dimensional hologram to portray a three-dimensional object when
the quarks are only coupled in a flattened three-dimensional replica of reality.
This means that wormholes can be found anywhere entanglement occurs.
They went so far as to characterize the two as ER = EPR, where ER is an Einstein-Rosen
Bridge or Wormhole and EPR is short for Einstein-Podolsky-Ross, which is another term for entanglement.
Wormholes have also been demonstrated to exist by Harvard's Daniel Jafferis and Ping Gao,
Stanford's Aron Wall.
Finding a technique to create a wormhole through which light may travel was a huge step forward
in the pursuit of a quantum gravity theory.
The fundamental relevance of this finding can be found in its application to the black
hole information dilemma and the connections between gravity and quantum mechanics.
Jafferis' thoughts on two Quantum entangled black holes, as formulated in Maldacena and
Susskind's ER equals EPR correspondence, influenced the new theory.
Despite the fact that this means that the direct connection between black holes is shorter
than the Wormhole connection, and thus Wormhole travel is not a shortcut, the theory provides
fresh insights into quantum mechanics.
Jafferis' idea is based on Einstein and Rosen's setup, which consisted of a connection between
two black holes.
The Wormhole was a specific scenario in which information could be recovered from a black
hole because it was traversable.
It offers a causal probe of regions that would otherwise be concealed behind a horizon, as
well as a window into the experience of an observer inside a visible-from-the-outside
space-time.
To date, the demand for negative energy, which believed to be incompatible with quantum gravity,
has been a major barrier to building traversable wormholes.
Jafferis, on the other hand, has addressed this by calculating quantum phenomena analogous
to the Casimir effect using Quantum Field Theory techniques.
If you're wondering what negative energy is, consider this: the gravitational potential
energy that keeps two particles of matter together must be negative because it requires
positive energy to separate them.
Given a nearly uniform Universe, the whole negative gravitational energy in it would
exactly cancel out the total positive energy represented by matter, resulting in no overall
energy for the universe as a whole.
Scientists, on the other hand, have created a wormhole in the laboratory for the first
time.
According to the researchers, the effort is a step towards a bigger program of testing
quantum gravity theories with a quantum computer.
The current work looks into the quantum teleportation equivalents of wormholes.
The initial tests were undertaken by the Caltech team to investigate the hypothesis that information
moving from one point in space to another can be expressed using either wormholes or
quantum entanglement.
Alexei Kitaev, a Caltech professor of theoretical physics and mathematics, demonstrated in 2015
that a basic quantum system can display the same Duality later described by Gao, Jafferis,
and Wall, such that the model's Quantum Dynamics are equal to quantum gravity effects.
This Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev (SYK) model led academics to propose that some theoretical Wormhole
notions may be examined further by undertaking Quantum process experiments.
This type of experiment was carried out for the first time in the current study by a team
of scientists, who employed a baby SYK-like model that was built to retain gravitational
features and observed the Wormhole Dynamics on a Google Quantum device, the Sycamore Quantum
processor.
This suggests that it is not just Musk who is working with wormholes; Google is much
ahead of Musk in their research.
To accomplish this, the researchers first had to reduce the SYK model, which they performed
using machine learning methods on common computers.
They employed machine learning approaches to discover and build a small SYK-like Quantum
system that could be encoded in current Quantum architectures while keeping gravitational
features.
To put it another way, they simplified the microscopic description of the SYK quantum
system and studied the resulting effective model on the quantum processor.
It was exciting and surprising to see how the optimization of one model feature preserved
the other measurements.
They plan to run additional experiments to acquire a deeper grasp of the model itself.
The experiment was performed by putting a qubit into one of the researchers' SYK-like
systems and then monitoring the resulting information flow in the other.
The information was transported from one Quantum system to another by quantum teleportation
or in gravity's complementary language, through the traversable wormhole.
As a result, they were able to create a wormhole-like quantum teleportation.
To accomplish this, they had to simplify the quantum system to the simplest example that
still kept gravitational features, which they then implemented on Google's Sycamore Quantum
processor.
Even though it took a long time to get there, the researchers were pleasantly surprised
to find that the gravitational viewpoint provided a straightforward explanation for many puzzling
occurrences associated with quantum particles.
The latest experiment was perhaps most interesting in that they were able to make the system
simple enough to replicate an existent Quantum machine using machine learning while preserving
a good caricature of what the gravitational picture indicated.
In their research, the physicists reported the Wormhole Behavior predicted by both classical
and quantum theories.
While quantum information can be communicated or teleported in a variety of ways, the experimental
method was proven to be at least somewhat analogous to what would happen if information
passed through a wormhole.
Let us know what you think about wormholes and quantum computers in the comments area
below.