Archaeologists have uncovered the secret of miniature Bibles that are about a thousand
years old.
In South America, they unearthed the grave of a man from myths!
And in Germany, scientists have studied the ancient navel of a dinosaur.
About these finds and more, see in this video!
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The ancient genome of Escherichia coli When you think of royal jewels, a 400 year
old gallstone is unlikely to come to mind.
However, a group of scientists have discovered something of great value inside calcified
pellets taken from the gallbladder of an Italian prince who passed away in the 16th century.
Remains of early E. coli have been found in gallstones, and researchers at Canada's McMaster
University have used them to reconstruct the first ancient genome of E. coli bacteria.
This is necessary in order to trace the evolution of the notorious super bacteria over the past
400 years.
The results, published in the journal Communications Biology, may allow researchers to eventually
determine when E. coli acquired antibiotic resistance.
Gallstones are visible in the red rectangle, which contain fragments of E. coli.
The mummified remains of Giovani d'Avalos were discovered in the Abbey of Saint Domenico
Maggiore in Naples in 1983, along with those of other Italian Renaissance nobles.
It is believed that a Neapolitan nobleman who died in 1586 at the age of 48 suffered
from chronic inflammation of the gallbladder due to gallstones.
In addition to forming gallstones, E. coli can cause food poisoning, diarrhea, urinary
tract infections, and pneumonia.
E. coli is also known to be resistant to antibiotics, giving it the name "superbug".
The research team explained that the full evolutionary history of the bacterium remains
a mystery, including when it acquired resistance to antibiotics.
This is yet to be found out.
Tax documents and shopping lists The Egyptian mummy of Chadingstone Castle
in Kent has long been a mystery to experts.
In order to read the name of the deceased, it was necessary to unfold the burial veil
of strips of papyrus pages, which was impossible without damaging the mummy.
In 2017, researchers developed a scanning method that allowed the hidden text to be
read without harming the mummy.
The 3,000-year-old mummy of a man named Iretirore.
Used papyrus was used to form the mummy's wrappings, but the text on it was obscured
by putty and plaster, so the contents remained unknown for centuries.
During the scan, scientists saw, in addition to the name, records of the life of the Egyptians,
including tax documents and shopping lists.
China kept secret discovered 12th-century frigate
The find led to the emergence of a museum of underwater archeology in China.
In 1987, the British firm Maritime Exploration was looking for the wreck of the Dutch East
India Company in the South China Sea, but instead came across a 30-meter merchant ship
dating from the Southern Song period (12th century).
Divers reported that the sunken ship, judging by the amount of cargo, was at the very beginning
of its journey.
The wreck was nicknamed "Nanhai No. 1" because it was the first find off the coast of the
city of the same name.
A layer of silt 2 meters thick contributed to the preservation of the wooden hull and
cargo, including porcelain, Sung coins and silver bars.
The lack of investment and suitable technology meant that Nanhai No. 1 remained untouched
on the seabed until 2002.
All this time it was watched by the Chinese naval forces.
The military stopped local fishermen from fishing on the site, claiming that there were
still active bombs from the Second World War on it.
Only in December 2007, the Nanhai No. 1 and its precious contents with a total weight
of 15,600 tons were finally lifted from the bottom and transferred to the Silk Road Maritime
Museum in Guangdong on Hailing Island, which was built specifically to accommodate the
sunken ship.
It became the first museum of underwater archeology in China.
Nanhai No. 1 has been placed in a custom-made seawater tank, and to prevent rotting and
damage to the ship, it is covered with silt and kept at a stable temperature.
Under these carefully controlled conditions, archaeologists have continued to study the
wreck ever since.
For example, in 2018, scientists established the dates of a sea voyage: one of the jars
was dated 1183.
Earlier, the Colombian military showed photos from the sunken frigate of the XVIII century.
The ship has not yet been explored, but perhaps its raising will inspire the Spaniards to
create their own underwater museum.
"The Black Book of Carmarthen" The oldest manuscript that mentions King Arthur
and Merlin is The Black Book from Carmarthen.
The book is considered a collection of poems from the 9th-12th centuries.
In 2015, the pages were examined with UV light and photo editing.
To the delight of the researchers, they found something invisible to the naked eye.
Among the lines were hidden human faces and poems.
Also in the margins, medieval readers (mostly at the end of the 16th century) made notes.
The manuscript is the earliest manuscript written in Welsh around 1250 AD.
It was probably created by a single author who collected poems about Welsh folk stories
and legends from the Dark Ages.
But the Black Book's greatest significance is how it demonstrates that even well-researched
manuscripts can provide a wealth of new information.
The grave of a man from myth A significant part of the scientific community
denies the very existence of the Aztatlan culture.
In the Mexican city of Mazatlán, repairmen accidentally discovered ancient human remains.
The work was immediately stopped so that the employees of the National Institute of Anthropology
and History of Mexico (INAH) carried out archaeological excavations.
According to archaeologist Víctor Joel Santos Ramírez, rescue coordinator, the area is
a natural high hill near the mouth of the El Quelite River.
In pre-Hispanic times, people settled there in order, on the one hand, to live near the
river and use its resources, and on the other, to avoid seasonal flooding.
Part of the surface of the hill was covered with crushed shells.
But under this impromptu "floor" was a human burial.
It is definitely unusual.
Let's start with the fact that archaeologists have found the remains of only one person
- that is, this is not a cemetery, not a place of regular burials.
At the same time, three fragmented ceramic vessels of rather fine workmanship and a smoking
pipe were found in the burial.
The preservation of human remains is very poor, due to local climatic conditions.
The found burial, therefore, strongly stands out from the local burial tradition.
Mexican archaeologists have suggested that they have found the tomb of Aztatlán, a man
from Aztlán, the mythical homeland of the Aztecs.
In general, today there is no evidence that Aztlán ever existed anywhere other than myths.
In the scientific community, it is perceived as something between Atlantis and Camelot,
but they are looking for it with undying persistence, including for political reasons.
Scholars agree that the Aztecs roamed North America for a long time before founding Tenochtitlan
in 1325.
And around the same time, the emergence of the legend of Aztlan is attributed.
The myths do not contain exact indications of where it was.
It is only clear that north of Tenochtitlan.
The description is also rather poor: a small island in a lake inhabited by herons.
Based on these, frankly, poor signs, at the end of the 19th century, Mexican historians
announced that Aztlán was located on Mescaltitan, a small island in mangrove swamps.
Grave of "tolis-shad" In 2017, a stone monument dedicated to a powerful
man and the struggle for power was found in the Mongolian steppe.
It consists of 14 pillars arranged around a 1300-year-old sarcophagus, which is now
empty.
Like columns, it is covered with Turkic inscriptions documenting data about some person.
In the centuries before Genghis Khan, the influence of this man was second only to the
ruler, the Khagan Bilge Khan Bogyu (ruled the Eastern Turkic Khaganate in 716-734).
It was written on the pillars that the deceased owned the title of "yagbu".
After the poisoning of Bilge, the man received the position of "tolis-shad" ("ruler of the
East").
This assassination is mentioned in historical records, and it is not clear if the vicegerent
was featured in it.
Thousands of mummies in one place The Capuchin catacombs are the world-famous
burial dungeons in Palermo (Sicily, Southern Italy).
There are more than 8,000 mummified bodies of people who died between the 17th and 19th
centuries.
Today, the Capuchin catacombs are one of the main attractions of Palermo.
In 1599, the Capuchin monks made a shocking discovery during the exhumation of bodies
that were removed from the catacombs under the monastery in Palermo - many of the bodies
were naturally mummified.
Features of the soil and microclimate prevented the decomposition of the bodies.
After this discovery, the monks decided to mummify one of their dead - Silvestro of Gubbio
- by placing the deceased in the catacombs.
Soon, the bodies of the dead monks and even noble citizens of Palermo began to be demolished
in the catacombs.
Later, the catacombs became a kind of status symbol - it was considered prestigious to
be buried in the Capuchin catacombs.
The bodies were first dehydrated by laying them on racks of ceramic pipes in the catacombs
for eight months, and then washed with vinegar.
Some bodies were embalmed, while others were placed in airtight glass cabinets.
The monks were buried in their daily clothes.
Some of the dead wrote wills specifying what clothes they should be buried in.
Some even asked to have their clothes changed several times a year according to the latest
fashion.
Relatives went to the catacombs to pray for the dead and keep their bodies in a presentable
condition.
Capuchin monks took money for the maintenance of huge catacombs from relatives of the dead.
During World War II, American bombers accidentally hit the monastery, causing many of the mummies
to be destroyed.
Today, about 8000 bodies and 1252 mummies can be found along the walls of the catacombs.
The halls are divided into seven categories: men, women, girls, children, priests, monks
and scholars.
Mini Bibles During the 13th century, thousands of mini-Bibles
were produced to carry in your pocket.
The tiny books were made using technology that was hitherto unknown.
Although the pages were made of leather, they were stunningly thin and were claimed to have
been made from fetal calf skin.
But the number of books made this impossible.
The researchers suggested that rabbits, rats, and squirrels were the sources of leather
for the books.
But it turned out that the pages were made not from the skin of rodents, but from the
skin of cows, goats and sheep.
It solved one of the biggest mysteries of the pre-press era (the Bible was written by
hand).
Although some of the skin may indeed have been taken from unborn animals, this has not
been confirmed for most of the books.
This raised the question of how pages that were tough enough to last 800 years could
be so thin (some were 0.03 millimeters thick).
But by the time medieval sources began to record the methods of creating pages, the
process had already been lost.
The world's first fossilized "navel" of a dinosaur
Dinosaurs are usually depicted as majestic, almost fantastic creatures.
It is almost impossible to imagine that they really existed in the real world, walked on
the same Earth as people.
However, scientists have discovered a unique fossil that instantly makes dinosaurs a little
more "alive".
It turns out that ancient reptiles had the equivalent of a navel.
Researchers recently studied the first known fossil of such a "mark".
Let me remind you that in humans and other mammals, the navel remains, after the umbilical
cord that connected it in the womb with the mother's placenta falls off the newborn.
Dinosaur embryos did not have umbilical cords, and they developed inside the egg, not in
the female's abdomen.
The embryo was attached directly to the yolk sac of its egg, and nutrients entered the
body of the embryo through a slit-like opening in the abdominal cavity.
From this gap, a long thin umbilical scar remained, which remained on the skin throughout
the life of the dinosaur.
The specimen, which drew the attention of an international team of paleontologists,
was discovered back in 2002 and has since been exhibited at the Senckenberg Museum in
Germany.
The fossilized skin belonged to Psittacosaurus, a herbivorous dinosaur about two meters long
that lived on Earth 130 million years ago.
The specimen was found in China.
And until recently, no one noticed the "navel" on it.
The researchers found the scar on the petrified skin using a relatively new technique called
laser-induced fluorescence imaging (LSF).
So scientists identified the characteristic scales surrounding the long umbilical scar
of Psittacosaurus.
Similar "scars" can be seen in some modern lizards and crocodiles.
The terrible face of an ancient man Scientists have figured out what an ancient
human ancestor looked like - a Cro-Magnon man, whose skeleton was discovered in the
Eisis cave in France.
The face of the Cro-Magnon turned out to be truly creepy: as it turned out, he suffered
from neurofibromatosis, a genetic disease that causes massive growth of benign tumors.
They covered the entire face of an ancient man.
The skeleton of "Cro-Magnon-1", a member of the species homo sapiens, who lived about
28,000 years ago, was discovered in 1868 in the Eysies cave in the French region of Dordogne
in southwestern France.
By the 150th anniversary of the discovery, scientists decided to re-examine the remains,
restoring the appearance of a Cro-Magnon man.
Cro-Magnons are the ancient ancestors of man.
Their remains were first discovered in the middle of the 19th century in the Dordogne
region, in the Cro-Magnon cave, from which they got their name.
The Cro-Magnons found by scientists lived on Earth 10,000 - 35,000 years ago and were
the first of the ancestors of modern man, whose remains were discovered by scientists.
Marriage contract Around 4,000 years ago, a couple etched their
marriage contract in clay.
When this clay tablet was found in 2017 at the Kültepe-Kanis archaeological site in
Turkey, it soon became clear that most of the contract involved children.
An Assyrian couple, Lakipum and Hatala, agreed to try to produce their own offspring within
two years.
In case that there would be no children, then the wife had to find a surrogate mother.
More specifically, Hatala had to buy a female slave for her husband.
After the birth of the child, Lakipumu was allowed to sell the mother if he wanted to.
The contract is the oldest to mention surrogacy and infertility, although in a slightly different
light than today.
While this reflects the ancient belief that infertility was the wife's fault, the contract
covered a divorce.
The person who initiated the divorce had to pay the other person five measures of silver.
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