What is going on guys? Don checking in, welcome to MINT, where we bring nursing to you.
So today, we are going to talk about blood types. We are going to talk about antigens,
antibodies, and rh factor. You got your notes ready? Because I'm ready, let's get going.
Today, we're going to talk about blood types. These blood types are type A, type B, type AB,
and type O. For us to understand these blood types, we first need to understand the concepts
of antigens and antibodies. Let's start with antigens. Antigens are what we call
surface markers. They are called surface markers because they can be found within
the surface of the red blood cell. So if this is your red blood cell, these are your antigens.
They're on the surface of the red blood cells. They're called markers because the blood type
that you have depends on what kind of antigen you have on your red blood cell. So if you have
an "A" antigen within your red blood cell, your blood type is a type A blood. So if you have a "B"
antigen on the surface of your red blood cell, your blood type is the type B blood. Now if your
red blood cell contains both antigen "A" and antigen "B", your blood type is type AB. Now
if you do not have any antigens on your red blood cell, then you are a type O. Now we can remember
this as zero meaning you have zero antigens on your red blood cell. That is a type O blood type.
So aside from surface markers, these antigens have another important function. And that is,
these antigens can trigger an immune response. And for them to do this, they have to interact with
antibodies. In contrast with these antigens, these antibodies are found outside the red blood cell.
They are found within the plasma. And the primary action of these antibodies are to interact with an
opposite antigen to trigger an immune response. So let us discuss antibodies of each blood types
that we have starting off with type A blood. The way our blood works is that usually, we have an
opposite antibodies in relation to our antigens. So if we have an "A" antigen on a red blood cell,
our antibodies are "anti B" antibodies. So by its name "anti B", it will only attack "B" antigens.
What do I mean by that? So if a type A person gets a type A blood, there will be no reaction or
immune response. Why? Because these antibodies will only react to "B" antigens. But if this
person gets a blood type B, these antibodies will interact with the "B" antigens because they are
"anti B". Meaning, they will go to these antigens and destroy them. This is usually the transfusion
reaction that people experience when they receive an incompatible blood type. Now let's talk about
type B blood. Again, antibodies are usually opposite of the antigens. Now for this blood
type who has a "B" antigen, you will have "anti A" antibodies. You get a type B blood, there will be
no reaction. Why? Because these will only react to antigen "A". "B" antigens, no reaction. However,
if you get a type AB blood wherein you have both type A and type B antigens, these are"anti A"
antibodies. They will still interact with the "A" antigens of this red blood cell causing a
transfusion reaction. Next blood type is for type AB blood. Remember always the opposite,
right? So if both antigens are present on the surface of this red blood cell, the opposite
of both?There will be no antibodies floating around the plasma. So if you get a type A blood,
no reaction will take place .Why? Because there's no antibodies, right? Same goes if you put a type
AB blood or a type B blood or a type O blood. No reaction will take place for this patient who have
AB blood type because there are no antibodies in this person's blood. This is why a person with
a type AB blood, they are considered to be the universal recipient. Meaning, they can have any
types of blood: type A, type AB, type B, type O. There will be no reaction. Now let's move forward
to type O blood, O meaning zero antigens, right? So again, the opposite concept of antibodies and
antigens. If you do not have any antigens on the surface of a type O blood, what do you think you
have on the plasma? We have "anti-A" and "anti-B" antibodies. Always the opposite, zero antigens,
"anti-A" and "anti-B" antibodies in the plasma. Having "anti-A" and "anti-B" antibodies on the
plasma, this can only mean one thing. And that is, it can only get a type O blood type because
type O blood type does not have any antigens on the surface. Meaning, these "anti-A" and "anti-B"
will have no antigens to attack. Only type O blood types can be given to a type O patient. Meaning,
if you give a patient a type A blood, "anti-A" antibodies will attack this blood type because
you have "A" antigens. The same goes with type B blood because we have "anti-B" antibodies. Since
type O blood does not contain any antigens on the surface, this blood type can be considered to be
a universal donor. Check this out. If you give this type O blood on a person with type A blood,
meaning they have "A" antigens here and they will have "anti-B" antibodies, these antibodies will
not react because they don't have any antigens to react to, right? The same goes with blood type B
where they have "B" antigens on the surface and they have "anti A" antibody. These antibodies
cannot destroy this. No antigens present. And of course type AB person who does not have any
antibodies will have no reaction at all, thus, making type O blood to be a universal donor. And
the way you're gonna remember this is that type O for "dOnOr" so O, they're both O's. Zero antigens
are universal "dOnOr". So let us review. Type A blood will have "A" antigens on the surface of
the red blood cell. And for the antibodies, they will have "anti-B". Type B blood type will have
"B" antigens on the surface of the red blood cell and they will have an "anti-A" antibodies. Type
AB blood type will have both "A" and "B" antigens. They will not have any antibodies on their plasma.
And lastly, type O blood type, they will not have any antigens on the surface of the red blood
cell but they will have "anti-A" and "anti-B" antibodies. So again, it's always the opposite.
"A" antigen, "anti- B", "B" antigen, "anti-A", "A" and "B" antigens, no antibodies, zero antigens,
you will have "anti-A" and "anti-B" antibodies. So with these blood types, let's see what kind of
blood types they will be compatible with. So for type A blood type, you can have type A blood and a
type O blood. "Anti-B" won't have any reactions to this because it has only "A" antigens and "anti-B"
won't have any reaction to this because it does not have any antigens on the surface. For type B
blood, you can have type B blood and type O. Again no reactions for "anti-A" because this have
"B" antigens and this does not have any antigens on the surface. For type AB blood, you can have
type A, type B, type AB, and type O. So because there are no antibodies on this blood type AB
blood types can receive A, B, AB, and O, making AB the universal recipient. And lastly, for type O
blood, you can only have type O just because "anti-A" , "anti-B" can potentially destroy A, B,
and AB. You can only have a type O blood for a type O blood type. As you can see,
for every category A, B, AB, and O, type O blood types can be given to these blood types, making
type O blood types to be the universal donor. "O" for zero antigen and "O" for universal "dOnOr".
Now that we are familiar with what is compatible for each blood type, let us briefly talk about the
rH factor. The rH factor usually tells us whether you are a positive blood type or a negative
blood type. So if you have an rH factor on the surface of your red blood cells such as these
Your blood type will be a positive blood type. If you have "A" antigens on your red blood cells plus
the rH factor, that makes you an A+ blood type. For "B" antigens with the rH factor,
that makes you a B+ blood type. For "A" and "B" antibodies on the surface plus the rH factor,
you're going to have an AB+ blood type. And lastly, zero antigens but with an rH factor,
you are going to have an O+ blood type. So think about it this way, the positive simply indicates
the presence of these rH factor on the surface of your red blood cell. However, the absence of
the rH factor on the surface of your red blood cells make you a negative blood type. So for "A"
antigens without the rH factor, that makes you an A- blood type. Same goes with the "B" antigens,
no rH factor? That makes you a B- blood type. "A" and "B" antigens, no rH factor, AB - blood type.
And lastly, no antigens, no rH factor, that makes you an O- blood type. Now looking at this chart,
we have already established what blood types are compatible with each blood type. When we add rH
factor in the equation, it gets more specific. Let's talk about it. So for positive blood types,
they can have a positive and negative blood types. So for patients with A+ blood types,
they can have blood that are A+, O+, A -, and O-. The same goes with B + blood
types. So if you have a patient with a B+ blood type, they can have a B+ blood type,
O+, B-, and O-. AB+, they can have A+, B+, AB+, O+. They can also have A- , B-,
AB-, and O - blood types. And finally for patients with O+ blood types, they can have an O+
or an O- blood types. However, it gets different when you have a negative blood type. Meaning,
you do not have any rH factor on the surface of your red blood cell. So, if you have a negative
blood type, you can only have a negative blood type as a donor. Meaning for A- patients, you
can only have A- and O- blood types. For B- blood type, you can only have B- and O- blood types. For
AB-, you can only have A-, B-, AB-, and O-. And finally, for O- blood types, you can only have
a negative blood type. Again, for positive blood types meaning, positive rH factors on the surface
of their red blood cell, they can have a positive and negative blood type. For negative blood types,
they can only have negative blood types. That's it. So that is it for today guys. I hope you guys
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