The Joint Chiefs of Staff is a body of senior uniformed leaders in the United States Department
of Defense who advise the Secretary of Defense, the Homeland Security Council, the National
Security Council and the President of the United States on military matters.
The composition of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is defined by statute and consists of the
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and
the Military Service Chiefs from the Army, Navy, Air Force, the Marine Corps, and the
Chief of the National Guard Bureau, all appointed by the President following Senate confirmation.
Each of the individual Military Service Chiefs, outside of their Joint Chiefs of Staff obligations,
works directly for the Secretary of the Military Department concerned, i.e., Secretary of the
Army, Secretary of the Navy, and the Secretary of the Air Force.
Following the Goldwater-Nichols Act in 1986, the Joint Chiefs of Staff do not have operational
command authority, neither individually nor collectively, as the chain of command goes
from the President to the Secretary of Defense, and from the Secretary of Defense to the Commanders
of the Combatant Commands.
Goldwater-Nichols also created the office of Vice Chairman, and the Chairman is now
designated as the principal military adviser to the Secretary of Defense, the Homeland
Security Council, the National Security Council and to the President.
The Joint Staff is a headquarters staff in the Pentagon, composed of personnel from each
of the four Department of Defense armed services, that assists the Chairman and the Vice Chairman
in discharging their responsibilities and is managed by the Director of the Joint Staff
who is a Lieutenant General or Navy Vice Admiral.
History Joint Board
As the military of the United States grew in size following the American Civil War,
joint military action between the U.S. Army and U.S. Navy became increasingly difficult.
The Army and Navy were unsupportive of each other at either the planning or operational
level and were constrained by disagreements during the Spanish-American War in the Caribbean
campaigns.
The Joint Army and Navy Board was established in 1903 by President Theodore Roosevelt, comprising
representatives from the military heads and chief planners of both the Navy's General
Board and the Army's General Staff.
The Joint Board acting as an "advisory committee" was created to plan joint operations and resolve
problems of common rivalry between the two services.
Yet, the Joint Board accomplished little as its charter gave it no authority to enforce
its decisions.
The Joint Board also lacked the ability to originate its own opinions and was thus limited
to commenting only on the problems submitted to it by the Secretaries of War and Navy.
As a result, the Joint Board had little to no impact on the manner the United States
conducted World War I. After World War I, in 1919 the two Secretaries
agreed to reestablish and revitalize the Joint Board.
The mission of the General staff was to develop plans for mobilization for the next war; the
US was always designated "Blue" and potential enemies were assigned various other colors.
This time, the Joint Board’s membership would include the Chiefs of Staff, their deputies,
and the Chief of War Plans Division for the Army and Director of Plans Division for the
Navy.
Under the Joint Board would be a staff called the Joint Planning Committee to serve the
Board.
Along with new membership, the Joint Board could initiate recommendations on its own
initiative.
However, the Joint Board still did not possess the legal authority to enforce its decisions.
World War II President of the United States Franklin D.
Roosevelt and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Winston Churchill established the
Combined Chiefs of Staff during the 1942 Arcadia Conference.
The CCS would serve as the supreme military body for strategic direction of the combined
US-British Empire war effort.
The UK portion of the CCS would be composed of the British Chiefs of Staff Committee,
but the United States had no equivalent body.
The Joint Board's lack of authority made it of little use to the CCS, although its 1935
publication, Joint Action of the Army and Navy, did give some guidance for the joint
operations during World War II.
The Joint Board had little influence during the war and was ultimately disbanded in 1947.
As a counterpart to the UK's Chiefs of Staff Committee in the CCS, and to provide better
coordinated effort and coordinated staff work for America's military effort, Admiral William
D. Leahy proposed a "unified high command" in what would come to be called the Joint
Chiefs of Staff.
Modeled on the British Chiefs of Staff Committee, the JCS' first formal meeting was held on
9 February 1942, to coordinate U.S. military operations between War and Navy Departments.
On 20 July 1942, Admiral Leahy became the Chief of Staff to the Commander in Chief of
the Army and Navy, with the chiefs of staff of the services serving under his leadership.
The first members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff were:
As the table indicates, each of the members of the original Joint Chiefs was a four-star
flag officer in his respective service branch.
By the end of the war, however, each had been promoted: Leahy and King to Fleet Admiral;
Marshall and Arnold to General of the Army.
Arnold was later appointed to the grade of General of the Air Force.
One of the Joint Chiefs of Staff's committees was the Joint Strategic Survey Committee.
The JSSC was an extraordinary JCS committee that existed from 1942 until 1947.
It was "one of the most influential planning agencies in the wartime armed forces."
Members included Lieutenant General Stanley D. Embick, U.S. Army, chairman, 1942–, Vice
Admiral Russell Willson, U.S. Navy, 1942–1945, Vice Admiral Theodore Stark Wilkinson, U.S.
Navy, 1946, and Major General Muir S. Fairchild, U.S. Army Air Force, 1942–.
National Security Act of 1947
With the end of World War II, the Joint Chiefs of Staff was officially established under
the National Security Act of 1947.
Per the National Security Act, the JCS consisted of a chairman, the Chief of Staff of the Army,
the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, and the Chief of Naval Operations.
The Commandant of the Marine Corps was to be consulted on matters concerning the Corps,
but was not a regular member; General Lemuel C. Shepherd, Jr., Commandant in 1952–55,
was the first to sit as an occasional member.
The law was amended during the term of General Louis H. Wilson, Jr., making the Commandant
a full-time JCS member in parity with the other three DoD services.
The position of vice-chairman was created by the Goldwater–Nichols Act of 1986 to
complement the CJCS, as well as to delegate some of the chairman's responsibilities, particularly
resource allocation through the Joint Requirements Oversight Council.
General Colin L. Powell was the first and, as of 2011, the only African American to serve
on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
General Peter Pace was the first Marine to serve in either position.
No woman has ever served on the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
National Defense Authorization Act of 2012 A provision in the 2012 National Defense Authorization
Act added the Chief of the National Guard Bureau to the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Guard historians called it the "most significant development" for the National Guard since
the Militia Act of 1903.
Roles and responsibilities
After the 1986 reorganization of the military undertaken by the Goldwater-Nichols Act, the
Joint Chiefs of Staff does not have operational command of U.S. military forces.
Responsibility for conducting military operations goes from the President to the Secretary of
Defense directly to the commanders of the Unified Combatant Commands and thus bypasses
the Joint Chiefs of Staff completely.
Today, their primary responsibility is to ensure the personnel readiness, policy, planning
and training of their respective military services for the combatant commanders to utilize.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff also act in a military advisory capacity for the President of the
United States and the Secretary of Defense.
In addition, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff acts as the chief military advisor
to the President and the Secretary of Defense.
In this strictly advisory role, the Joint Chiefs constitute the second-highest deliberatory
body for military policy, after the National Security Council, which includes the President
and other officials besides the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs.
Current members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Armed Service Chief not a member of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff: Notes:
The Joint Chiefs do not include the Commandant of the Coast Guard, Admiral Paul F. Zukunft,
because the Coast Guard is normally under the Department of Homeland Security, where
the other four branches are under the Department of Defense.
However, the Coast Guard is always a military service and may operate under the Department
of the Navy during wartime at the direction of the President, in which circumstances the
commandant can be a joint chief.
Leadership Chairman
The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is, by law, the highest-ranking military officer
of the United States Armed Forces, and the principal military adviser to the President
of the United States.
He leads the meetings and coordinates the efforts of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, comprising
the chairman, the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the Chiefs of Staff of the
United States Army and United States Air Force, the Chief of Naval Operations, and the Commandant
of the United States Marine Corps.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff have offices in The Pentagon.
The chairman outranks all respective heads of each service branch, but does not have
command authority over them, their service branches or the Unified Combatant Commands.
All combatant commanders receive operational orders directly from the Secretary of Defense.
The current chairman is General Martin E. Dempsey, USA, who began his term on 1 October
2011.
On 20 July 1942, Navy Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy became the Chief of Staff to the
Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy.
He was not technically the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
Leahy's office was the precursor to the post of Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
That post was established and first held by General of the Army Omar Bradley in 1949.
Vice chairman
The position of Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was created by the Goldwater-Nichols
Act of 1986.
The vice-chairman is a four-star-general or admiral and, by law, is the second highest-ranking
member of the U.S. Armed Forces.
In the absence of the chairman, the vice-chairman presides over the meetings of the Joint Chiefs
of Staff.
He may also perform such duties as the chairman may prescribe.
It was not until the National Defense Authorization Act in 1992 that the position was made a full
voting member of the JCS.
The current vice-chairman is Admiral James A. Winnefeld, Jr., USN.
Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman
Command Sergeant Major William J. Gainey, USA, was selected to serve as the first Senior
Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff beginning 1 Oct 2005.
It was to be a newly created position established to advise the chairman on all matters involving
enlisted personnel in a joint environment.
The Senior Enlisted Advisor to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff is currently
Sergeant Major Bryan B. Battaglia, USMC.
Battaglia was sworn in by Joint Chiefs chairman Gen. Martin Dempsey on 30 September 2011 in
a ceremony at Joint Base Myer-Henderson Hall, Virginia.
The position had been vacant since CSM Gainey's retirement on 25 April 2008.
As the SEA to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the SEAC is an advisor to the chairman
on all matters concerning joint and combined total force integration, utilization, and
development.
Additionally, the SEAC helps develop noncommissioned officers-related joint professional education,
enhance utilization of senior NCOs on joint battle staffs, and support the chairman’s
responsibilities as directed.
The Joint Staff The Joint Staff, composed of personnel from
all the four services, assists the chairman and the vice-chairman in discharging their
responsibilities.
They work closely with the Office of the Secretary of Defense, the Military Department staffs,
and the Combatant Command Staffs.
While serving as chairman or Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Chief of Staff
of the Army, Chief of Naval Operations, Chief of Staff of the Air Force, Commandant of the
Marine Corps, or Commandant of the Coast Guard, the salary is $20,263.50 a month, regardless
of cumulative years of service computed under section 205 of title 37, United States Code.3.
Director of the Joint Staff The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
is assisted by the Director of the Joint Staff, a three-star officer who assists the chairman
with the management of the Joint Staff, an organization composed of approximately equal
numbers of officers contributed by the Army, the Navy and Marine Corps, and the Air Force,
who have been assigned to assist the chairman in providing to the Secretary of Defense unified
strategic direction, operation, and integration of the combatant land, naval, and air forces.
Directorates of the Joint Staff The Joint Staff includes the following departments
where all the planning, policies, intelligence, manpower, communications and logistics functions
are translated into action.
Joint Staff Information Management Division DOM – Directorate of Management
J1 – Personnel and Manpower J2 – Intelligence – Rear Admiral Paul
Becker since 2013 J3 – Operations
J4 – Logistics – Lieutenant General Robert R. Ruark, USMC
J5 – Strategic Plans and Policy J6 – Command, Control, Communications and
Computers/Cyber – The directorate is one of a group of agencies that administer the
SIPRNet.
Other administrators include: National Security Agency, Defense Intelligence Agency, and Defense
Information Systems Agency.
J7 – Operational Plans and Joint Force Development J8 – Force Structure, Resources, and Assessment
Joint Chiefs of Staff: Civilian Awards The Joint Chiefs may recognize private citizens,
organizations or career civilian government employees for significant achievements provided
to the joint community with one of the following decorations / awards.
CJCS Award for Distinguished Public Service CJCS Award for Outstanding Public Service
CJCS Joint Distinguished Civilian Service Award
CJCS Joint Meritorious Civilian Service Award Joint Civilian Service Commendation Award
Joint Civilian Service Achievement Award Coast Guard
Although the Coast Guard is one of the five armed services of the United States, the Commandant
of the Coast Guard is not a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
He is, however, entitled to the same supplemental pay as the Joint Chiefs, per 37 U.S.C. § 414(a)(5),
and is accorded privilege of the floor under Senate Rule XXIII(1) as a de facto JCS member
during Presidential addresses.
In contrast to the Joint Chiefs—who are not in the military's operational chain of
command—the Commandant of the Coast Guard commands his service.
Coast Guard officers are legally eligible to be appointed as CJCS and VCJCS, per 10
U.S.C. 152(a)(1) & 154(a)(1) respectively—which use the collective term "armed forces" rather
than listing the eligible services – but none has been appointed to either position
as of 2014.
See also
Armed Forces Council Chiefs of Staff Committee
General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
General Staff of the Israel Defense Forces Joint Chiefs of Staff
Staff—see Modern United States military usage for organization of Joint Staff
Notes
Further reading Gillespie, Robert M. The Joint Chiefs of Staff
and the Escalation of the Vietnam Conflict, 1964–1965.
Masters Thesis, Clemson University, 1994.
Joint Chiefs of Staff, Organizational Development of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1942–1987.
Joint Secretariat, Joint Chiefs of Staff, 1988.
McMaster, H.R.
Dereliction of Duty: Lyndon Johnson, Robert McNamara, the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and the
Lies that Led to Vietnam.
New York: Harper Collins, 1997.
Perry, Mark Four Stars: The Inside Story of the Forty-Year Battle Between the Joint Chiefs
of Staff and America's Civilian Leaders.
New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1989, ISBN 0-395-42923-4.
Rearden, Steven L. History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense.
2 vols.
Washington, D.C.: Historical Office, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1984.
Schnabel, James F. History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.
The Joint Chiefs of Staff and National Policy 1945–1947.
Volume I. Washington, D.C.: Joint History Office, The Joint Staff, 1996.
Taylor, Maxwell D.
The Uncertain Trumpet.
New York: Harper & Row, 1959.
External links Official site
Joint Action of the Army and the Navy