Some people say that more than 60% of English words have a silent letter.
That's a lot of words, right?
Well in today's video, I am going to show you
why we have silent letters in English
and eight rules that you can use to help you
know if a word has a silent letter.
Alright, are you ready? Let's get started!
Look at this word right here. It's pronounced 'sit'.
We pronounce every letter. S I T.
Now look at this word. This word is pronounced 'site'.
We pronounce the S. We pronounce the I and we pronounce the T.
But we don't pronounce the E.
The E is a silent letter.
The E is here to change the pronunciation
because if the E wasn't here,
then the word would be pronounced as 'sit', right?
So this is the first reason why we have silent letters.
A lot of the time we use silent letters to change
the pronunciation of a word.
The second reason we have silent letters in English
is because English is a very old language.
Languages change over time,
over hundreds of years, over thousands of years.
So just because a letter is silent now,
that doesn't mean it was silent in the past.
Now let's look at the basic rules for silent letters.
Please note that these are the general rules
and there are always exceptions to the rules.
Let's look at the letter B first.
The first rule is that
if a B comes after an M, at the end of a word, it's normally not pronounced.
Some common examples are climb.
Crumb.
Tomb.
Bomb.
Comb.
You can see here that in all of these words, we do not
pronounce that final B sound.
The second rule with B is that
B is normally not pronounced
when it comes before the letter T.
Some common examples are debt.
Subtle.
Doubt.
Again, you can see here that we're not pronouncing
the B in all of these words.
Now let's look at the letter C.
The first rule is that
when the letter C comes after an S, it's normally not pronounced.
Some common examples are scissors.
Muscle.
Ascend.
Conscious.
You can see here that we don't pronounce the C after the S.
The second rule with C is that
if a C comes before a K at the end of a word, it's normally not pronounced.
Some common examples are kick.
Brick.
Rock.
Chuck.
Luck.
Now let's look at the letter D.
The letter D is normally silent
when it comes before N and G.
Some common examples of this are Wednesday.
Grudge.
Badge.
You can see here that in all of these words, we're not
pronouncing the D sound.
Now let's look at the letter E.
The letter E is normally not pronounced when it comes at the end of a word.
Some really common examples are kite.
Write.
Bite.
Phone.
Cone.
You can see here that we're not pronouncing that E sound.
The E is just there to change
the pronunciation of these words.
The second rule with E is that
when E comes before a D in an ED form of a verb
or of an adjective,
we normally don't pronounce it.
Some common examples are checked.
Cooked.
Fixed.
Bored.
Annoyed.
You can see here in all of these words
we're not pronouncing that E sound in the ED.
Now let's look at the letter G.
When we have a G and it's before an N,
the G sound is normally not pronounced.
Some common examples are design.
Sign.
Foreign.
Gnash.
Campaign.
In all of these words, we're not pronouncing that G sound.
But there are always exceptions to the rule
and some common exceptions are the words
signature and magnet.
In these two words, we do pronounce the G sound.
The next rule is
when we have G and H together,
and those two letters are before a vowel,
we normally do not pronounce these two letters.
Some common examples are light.
Through.
Fight.
Height.
Thorough.
In all of these words, we're not pronouncing the G and the H.
But when two words are joined together
and there's a G and a H next to each other,
we do pronounce both letters.
A very common example is doghouse.
Doghouse.
In this word, we're pronouncing the G and the H.
Another rule with GH is that
sometimes GH is pronounced as an F sound, that /f/ sound.
Some common examples are cough.
Laugh.
Tough.
In all of these words,
that GH sound is pronounced as an F sound, as a /f/ sound.
Now let's talk about the letter H.
The letter H is sometimes silent when it comes after a W.
Some common examples are in some of the
WH question words in English such as what.
When.
Where.
Why.
In all of these words,
we're not pronouncing that H sound.
But sometimes when the letter H comes
after a W, we do pronounce the H sound.
Some common examples are whole.
Who.
Whose.
In all of these words,
we're pronouncing the H sound
but we're not pronouncing the W sound.
Another rule with H is that H is sometimes silent
when it comes at the start of a word.
Some common examples are hour.
Honest.
Honor.
In all of these words, we are not
pronouncing the H sound.
We are not pronouncing the letter H.
The last letter we are talking about today is the letter K.
When the letter K is before the letter N,
the letter K is normally silent.
Some common examples are knit.
Knock.
Know.
Knowledge.
Knack.
In all of these words, we're not pronouncing the K sound.
Now you have learned some basic rules for silent letters in English.
Now let's have a little quiz to test your memory.
I will show you ten words on the screen
and I want you to pronounce them correctly.
Number one.
Fixed. Fixed.
Number two.
Sandwich. Sandwich.
Number three.
What. What.
Number four.
Light. Light.
Number five.
Debt. Debt.
Number six.
Luck. Luck.
Number seven.
Sign. Sign.
Number eight.
Scissors. Scissors.
Number nine.
Comb. Comb.
Number ten.
Ascend. Ascend.
So you can see here now that all the letters in red
are silent letters - this means when you pronounce these words,
you don't have to pronounce the letters which are in red.
Welcome to the second and final part of this silent letter series.
In part one we talked about what a silent letter is,
why we have silent letters
and eight rules that you can use to help you know
if a word has a silent letter.
In today's video we look at eight more rules.
And make sure you watch until the end of the video
because there will be a revision of all of the rules
and a quiz to test your memory.
Okay, are you ready? Let's get started!
The first rule today is about the letter L.
The letter L is normally not pronounced
when it's after the vowels A, O and U.
Some example words are walk.
Half.
Calf.
Yolk.
Could.
In all of these words, we are not pronouncing that L sound.
The L is silent.
Now let's look at the letter N.
The letter N is normally not pronounced
when it's after the letter M at the end of a word.
Some example words are column.
Autumn.
Solemn.
Condemn.
Hymn.
In all of these words, we are not pronouncing the N.
We are just making that /m/ sound.
We are just pronouncing the letter M.
The next rule is about the letter P.
The letter P is normally not pronounced
when it's at the start of a word which starts with PN, PS or PT.
Some example words are pneumonia.
Psychology.
Pterodactyl.
In all of these words, we are not pronouncing the P.
It is silent.
The next rule is about the letters PH.
The letters PH are normally pronounced as an F sound, as that /f/ sound.
Some example words are phone.
Physician.
Pharmacy.
Physical.
Pamphlet.
In all of these words, the PH letters
are being pronounced as an F, as a /f/ sound.
Now let's look at the letter S.
The letter S is normally not pronounced when it's before an L.
Some example words are aisle.
Island.
Isle.
In all of these words, we're not pronouncing that S sound.
It is a silent letter.
Now let's talk about the letter T.
The letter T is not pronounced in these words.
Castle.
Christmas.
Gourmet.
Listen.
Rapport.
In all of these words, we're not pronouncing that T sound.
It is silent.
The next rule is about the letter U.
The letter U is often not pronounced when it's after a G and before a vowel.
Some common examples are guard.
Guarantee.
Guide.
Guest.
Guess.
In all of these words, we're not pronouncing the letter U.
It's a silent letter.
The last rule for today is about the letter W.
The letter W is often a silent letter
when it comes before an R at the start of a word.
Some common examples are write.
Wrote.
Wreck.
Wrong.
Wrap.
In all of these words, we're not pronouncing the W sound.
It's silent. We're just pronouncing the R sound.
The letter W is also silent in these words
which we talked about a little bit in the last part of this series.
Who.
Whole.
Answer.
Sword.
Two.
In all of these words, we're not pronouncing the W - it's silent.
You have learned the main general rules about silent letters in English.
Now let's do a quick revision.
The letter B is normally not pronounced
after an M at the end of a word.
For example, climb.
It's also normally not pronounced before the letter T.
For example, debt.
The letter C is normally not pronounced if it's with the letter S.
For example, conscious.
The letter D is normally not pronounced if it's before an N
or a G.
For example, Wednesday, grudge.
The letter E is normally silent if it
comes at the end of a word.
For example, kite.
E is also normally silent if it comes
before a D with ED verbs or adjectives.
For example, annoyed.
G is normally silent when it comes before an N.
For example, design.
GH is normally not pronounced if it's after a vowel.
For example, high.
GH is also sometimes pronounced as an F sound.
For example, cough.
The letter H is normally silent when it's after a W.
For example, what.
Sometimes the letter H is not silent when it's after a W.
For example, who.
Also, the letter H can sometimes be silent
when it's at the beginning of a word.
For example, hour.
K is normally silent when it's before the letter N.
For example, know.
The letter L is normally not pronounced
after the vowels A, O and U.
For example, walk.
The letter N is normally silent when it comes after
the letter M at the end of a word.
For example, condemn.
The letter P is often silent when it comes at the
start of words which start with PN, PS and PT.
For example, psychology.
The letters PH are often pronounced as an F.
For example, paragraph.
The letter S can be silent when it
comes before the letter L.
For example, island.
The letter T is not pronounced in many words such as
castle and Christmas.
The letter U is often silent
when it comes after a G and before a vowel.
For example, guide.
And the last rule is about W.
W is often a silent letter
when it's pronounced at the start of a word before the letter R.
For example, write.
And the letter W can also be silent
in many words such as who.
Now you know most of the basic rules of silent letters in English.
Now let's have a little quiz to test how much you remember.
I will show you ten words and I want you to pronounce them correctly.
Number one.
Debt. Debt.
Number two.
Know. Know.
Number three.
Walk. Walk.
Number four.
Autumn. Autumn.
Number five.
Guide. Guide.
Number six.
Write. Write.
Number seven.
Design. Design.
Number eight.
Island. Island.
Number nine.
Psychology. Psychology.
Number ten.
Conscious. Conscious.
Okay you can see now that the letters in red are silent letters.
That means in all of these words,
you don't need to pronounce these letters.