In the last video, we learned a little bit about aldehydes.
And we saw that they have the general structure where you
have a carbonyl group bonded to some type of carbon chain,
or I guess in the simplest form, this could just be a
hydrogen over here, and then they definitely will have at
least one hydrogen bonded to the carbon in the carbonyl
group, so this was an aldehyde.
Now, very closely related to an aldehyde is a type of
molecule called a ketone.
And let's draw a couple of ketones just to make things
clear, and then we'll think about what the difference is
between a ketone and an aldehyde.
So this right here, CH3, CH3, carbon right over here.
This right here is a ketone.
And you say, hey, Sal, that looks very
similar to an aldehyde.
I have a carbonyl group in both.
So this right here is a carbonyl group.
This right here is a carbonyl group.
Let me write this: carbonyl.
We have a carbonyl group in both.
We have a carbon chain over here.
This could be a general carbon chain here.
We have a methyl group.
So how is this different?
And I think you'll see.
It's this part that I haven't highlighted yet.
In an aldehyde, there's two ways to
think about an aldehyde.
You could either say that, look, the carbonyl group is at
the end of a carbon chain.
So the next thing over is going to be a hydrogen.
Or you could say that in an aldehyde, you have at least
one hydrogen bonded to the carbonyl carbon.
And the way I remember that, so you have a hydrogen there,
and in the ketone you don't.
The carbonyl group is embedded in a carbon chain.
It is bonded to-- at least it is bonded to a carbon on
either side, so over here you have a carbon.
And the way that I remember the difference, and this is
really just a little bit of a mnemonic just to memorize it,
is aldehyde has an "h" in it.
There's an "h" right over there, and an aldehyde has a
hydrogen bonded to this carbon.
So now that we at least have a reasonable understanding of
what a ketone is, let's name a few, just
to familiarize ourselves.
So this right here is the simplest possible ketone.
And it's called acetone, or that's its common name.
And actually, the word ketone comes from the German word for
acetone, which was I think instead of a "c" there, they
had a "k," so it's like aketone.
And they said, oh, this is a ketone.
So this is the common name.
Another kind of traditional or common way of naming a ketone
is to name each of these groups, and it's kind of
similar to the way that we named ethers.
But instead of writing the word ether at the end, we
write the word ketone.
So here we have a methyl group, and we have another
methyl group, so we have two methyl groups right over here.
So this would be dimethyl ketone.
This right here is dimethyl ketone.
And then if you wanted the systematic way of naming it,
you just look at the longest carbon chain, which is one,
two, three carbons, so it's prop.
Propa-, and instead of calling it propane, we get rid of that
"e" over there and we would call it propanone.
That tells us that this right here is a ketone.
And you have to know where this double bond is.
And actually, for propanone, you don't have to specify it,
because if you know it's a ketone, you know that it has
to have a carbon on either side of the carbonyl group, so
you actually don't even have to specify where the
carbonyl group is.
But if you wanted to, you could say, OK, that's going to
be on the two carbon.
No matter what direction you start counting from, it's
going to be on the two carbon.
But the two is kind of optional for propanone.
Let's do a couple of other ones.
So let's say we had a molecule that looks like this.
So the traditional way of naming it, you'd say, OK, on
this end of the ketone, I have one, two, three carbons.
So on that end, I have three carbons.
That is a propyl group.
And on this other side of the ketone right over here, I have
only one carbon.
That is a methyl group.
So then you would just name them.
And you name then in order of increasing chain size,
molecule size, or group size.
So this one you'd write methyl first. Methyl, because it's
only one carbon.
So this is methyl propyl ketone.
This is kind of the traditional or the common way,
often kind of the most used way, of naming this molecule.
But the systematic way of naming it, you look at the
longest carbon chain and you say, OK, I have one, two,
three, four, five carbons.
So it's going to be pent-.
And then you want to start numbering it so that the
carbonyl carbon has the lowest possible number.
So you want to start numbering on the right side: one, two,
three, four and five.
So this right here, so we said the prefix would be pent-.
So it's penton, and instead of saying it's pentane, you say
it's pentanone.
And to specify where the carbonyl group is,
you say it's 2.
This is 2-pentanone.
And you might also see it written like this:
pentan-2-one.
Either one of these right here would be acceptable.
Let's do a slightly more complicated example.
Let's say we had something that looked like this.
So we have something, a molecule,
that looks like this.
And let me stick some chlorines over here.
So what would this be?
Well, our longest chain, once again, is this cyclohexane:
one, two, three, four, five, six carbons.
And I'll just name this systematically right here.
And the more complicated things get, the more
systematic people will want to name it.
So if we have six carbons right here, and they're in a
chain, so this is cyclohexane.
You'd put the "e" there if this carbonyl
group wasn't there.
But since it is, we would call this cyclohexanone, So this
right here tells us to name it cyclohexanone.
And then in a ring like this, this would implicitly be the
number one carbon.
So if this is the number one carbon and we want to number
in the direction so that the next groups have the lowest
possible number, so we want to make this the two carbon.
So this is 2,2-dichlorocyclohexanone.
Now, there's two more.
And I'll just show these to you because these tend to be
referred to by their common names.
So I just want to show them to you real fast. One is this
molecule right here, where we have a methyl group
on this side: CH3.
And over here, we have a benzene ring.
Now, that first super simple ketone that we saw, we called
this acetone.
And so the common name here is actually derived from acetone.
Instead of calling it acetone, because it doesn't have just a
methyl group here, this is called aceto-, and instead of
acetone, it's acetophenone, because we have this phenyl
group, that benzene ring right there.
Acetophenone, which is a pretty common molecule, and
you'll see it referred to this way.
Now, the other one that you might see every now and then,
and I just want to expose it to you, is a molecule that
looks like this, that has two benzene rings on it.
It looks like that.
And this is benzophenone.
These last two I just really wanted to expose you to their
common names.
But, in general, I think you have a decent idea at this
point of how to name at least the simpler chains, either
with the common names, for example, propyl, or methyl
propyl ketone, or 2-pentanone.
And these are the more typical or maybe the
easier naming examples.