Hey guys welcome to hip hughes history civil rights is on the agenda today. We're about to take an episode from
1957 the Little Rock nine and serve it up to you on a bed of learning
Who's this lecture for [we'll] certainly it's aimed [at] Middle school and high school students if you're in an American history course not only do
You need to understand civil rights
But you need to have a concrete event that you can write about and really kind of wrap your head around
Certainly if you're in college, and you're taking an American history course and you don't know what the little rock [mine]
Is you're in big [big] trouble?
and if you're walking around as a living breathing human being an American citizen or anywhere in the world
And you haven't heard about this event
[diary] [th]. I'm glad you're here
So sit back and relax and hopefully you'll be able to digest some learning that hip use is about to serve up dinner
Ding-Dong here, we go all
Right guys here. We go september fourth the September 24th
1957 is kind of the
Catalog dates of the Crisis We call the Little Rock nine
And before we explain to you basically what happened and the very simple answer is we're going to integrate the Little Rock school
System and really put some teeth into Brown versus board of Ed
We really need to understand the 14th amendment first so travel back with me here. We go back to Post-Civil war
so following the civil war is a condition free Entry the Southern States had to agree [for] the to the fourteenth Amendment [and]
What the fourteenth [amendment] is designed to do is to protect African Americans in their Southern States from their Southern governments?
This is a change in Federalism really to avoid past sins and to make sure
that these new
Freedmen are going to be able to enjoy their full rights of citizens of the United States and part of the language of the [fourteenth]
[Amendment] No, state Shall Deny its citizens equal protection
And there's other parts like due process and we can talk about all that good stuff in other lectures
but it's that equal protection part that is going to be turned on its head in Plessy versus Ferguson, [so] if we go to
1896 the Supreme Court Rules in Plessy [Brief] Ferguson that
Separate can be equal that. [it] is segregation is allowable
Constitutionally, and this is what develops in the Jim crow
Separate everything and certainly separate schools. So that's where we're going to go now
We see that schools are segregated in the south because of the ruling plessy versus Ferguson
The 14th Amendment doesn't have any life to it. If it was a tiger. It would be a toothless tiger
How scary is that a toothless tiger so let's put some teeth into this baby in the little Rock nine
So here we are in 1954 with carrying Jim crow on our back from class [II] versus Ferguson
We have this giant toothless tiger the 14th amendment that really doesn't mean anything
So we need the supreme court to take action because legislators aren't legislators aren't doing that normally in our political system
We like when congress does things when [legislatures] do things, but if they're not taking action and civil rights are being denied
This is where judicial review becomes really important
I call it snack power rather than having to go through the long tedious process of lawmaking they can just declare
Kind of a practice to be unconstitutional
And in this case basically the Jim crow practice of separating students by race in our public school [system]
And that's exactly what brown versus board of education declares that separate is inherently unequal
Right on the N-Double-A-Cp the national association for [the] advancement of colored persons under the direction of the lawyer Thurgood?
Marshall that's a very important name to know and you can see third good on the wall right there who will later become the first?
African American first Supreme court
Justice appointed by
LBJ, but right now. He
successfully argues that
Plessy needs to be overturned and that our school systems that Linda brown little girl in Brown versus board of education
Was inherently having her rights?
Violated because [she] wasn't allowed to go to the best school in her neighborhood close to her home
But she was being bused to a all-black school, and this is that Jim crow system. So now that we have that decision
That's all it is right, Andrew Jackson famously declared after Worchester versus
Georgia when the Indian removal [act] basically was the play
Unconstitutional John Marshall has made this decision [now]. Let him go and force it
So it needs enforcement something needs to happen the Southern States are going to just jump to their feet be like oh, we lost
Alright, let's integrate damn we need
Something and this is a little rock nine
So look, Arkansas would be considered to be more of a moderate Southern state
definitely already had some
Experience with integration their bus system was previously integrated
I believe there [are] african-Americans at the university of Arkansas and it was the board of education
And little rock that decided that they were going to do this gradual integration program nothing like the n-Double-A-Cp
Wanted where we real they really wanted full integration, but it was decided
[I] think as early as nineteen I think 54 55 that
57 was going to be the year this gave them kind of two or three years to plan and the N-Double-A-Cp
Had a part in choosing those nine students. They were chosen based on their grades and their attendance and in the fall of
1957 they were to show up to school
And it really was assumed that this would be a pretty seamless process
And then we bring in politics into the situation
The Governor orval Fabius was facing reelection the next year. He was a democrat
It's really important to remember that democrats back then they're the racist party through the Ku Klux Klan
it's the party of the old South [is] the party of
Slavery and segregation ilysm and even though orville fabious was a moderate
segregationist whenever
You're facing a primary
whenever you're facing like a race with other people in your political party you have to move to [the]
extremes of your party and the extremes of the democratic party back then are liberals, [they're]
[segregationists], so orville has to make his peace with
Segregationist, so they're all telling [him] we're not going to let this happen on September 4th us the segregationist will be
Down there at Little Rock high school making sure that these nine children these black kids don't get into that high school
So [world--all] makes a political decision to back the segregation. What are the girls Elizabeth Eckford?
showed up that day alone
But nevertheless when they show up they see the national guard the Arkansas national guard and inside
They were probably thinking for a few seconds yeah, baby. We got protection
But fabious did not call out the national guard to protect the black children
Oh, no, he called them out to protect the school from the black children
They are there in a defensive manner to make sure that these nine black kids
Don't get in so or [bo] has been to the segregation of forces not only that but like every
Kkk member and like their their best friend showed [up] that day
They were bused in and there were cars from all over the deep south really
Making this a conflict between the segregationist or the Southern States and the federal government
So on TV, and I think this is really important um it appears as though cats are eating dogs
[I] think that for the first time in a long time
Northerners are having to face racism on their television screens and the news
To see that all these white angry faces are keeping nine kids from getting an education is
really going to be a
Blow to the racists that they're going to demand something happen
but nothing happened on that day in fact on that day the children were turned around not even that, but
but Elizabeth Eckford one of the African-American young women was
Separated from the group and she was almost mauled by a white crowd
She was spit on and Racial epithets
and they were going to attack her and
a little white lady kind of grabbed her and
Escorted her to the bus [and] kind of saved her [life] back then but the next step is really
Important because now the nation is in an uproar
we see that this racism is going on in a sense the
Segregationist of one it was a civil war the [south] won that day
So the president at that time was dwight, eisenhower and many people were looking for dwight for some kind of enforcement
what are you going to do about this and
Eisenhower a republican and a moderate is a gradualist that he really is trying to kind of walk the goldilocks line here
He doesn't really want to take one side or the [other] he's kind of waffling
He doesn't want to piss off the Southern States and the democratic segregation lists
And he doesn't want to piss off the progressives and the n-double A-C-P
He kind of trying to appeal to the middle, and that's really hard to do when you have something
I think that is this clear-cut wrong
so he calls orville [a] fabius to a
Meeting and they need at his kind of a summer home and I think in Rhode Island
and he's kind of guaranteed by the governor of Arkansas that the integration will happen that you know he'll go back and
He will settle this once and for all so when orville goes back
And this is fabius is a weird cat rather than taking the side of [the] african-American children. He did something. That's kind of unfathomable
He pulls the national guard out [altogether]. So when they show up the next day all there is is racist faces
There's no national guard
I mean the national guard was there to defend [the] school against the
African-American children the first time but they also kind of kept the peace from things from getting on a [head]
But now it's just a white mob
It's just the Klan so
Man what a day that was the children kind of narrowly escaped into the school the crowd goes crazy
When they find out these nine black kids got into the school they attack the black press they're up in an uproar um
One story was that one of the African American children overheard
one of the deputies the Sheriff's talking about a plan to have the
Children draw straws and the one who lost would be handed over to the crowd
So the crowd could [lynch] that child and then the other eight would make their escape
It's just craziness luckily the denying kind of get out of there, but again on TV
It looks like the inmates are running the asylum
And I [cite] a thesis in class that I use all the time and it's a really great
Thesis to use here stink don't stink until it's in your backyard
Right, so whether it's Emmett till on look magazine or now whether it's on Your TV
These nine kids almost getting lynched by a white mob action must be taken
The temperature the fire underneath of the government is being turned up at this point by the north So eisenhower
Has to do something so what is eisenhower tooth he puts teeth in the tiger, baby
That's right. He calls out the hundred and first airborne of the us army and they land a power shooter
I don't they [bury] [troop], but they go right into Little rock the next day
And those kids showed up the next day with machine guns baby on Jeeps and what a great sight [to] see these nine kids
walking in a little rock Arkansas with the federal government kind of
Surrounding them showing the nation that the federal government is going to support all civil rights
Even when the state governments are going after them, so this is the t of brown versus board of education
And you should follow up and do some research
It's a great story reading about the nine children and their lives that year as they were escorted [from] class to class
You can't underestimate the violence that those kids had to put up with as they went through [that] year
One of the girls they tried to light on fire
When she was in the bathroom stall another one of the girls [had] acid thrown into her face
They were tripped on broken glass
They were constantly harassed as really you see racial attitudes changing as the integration occurs
It's really quite an [amazing] story, so there you go guys civil rights, n-Double-A-Cp the lobbying group Brown versus board of education
[federalism] this is a great thing to talk about if you're talking about the relationship between states and Feds and how the
Supremacy clause and judicial review give the federal government the ability to sometimes override state action and even though
Arkansas and Governor Fabius tried to kind of Nullify the federal action at the end of the day. It's the army baby
What are you gonna? Do when they come for you?
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