How fast are you moving right now?
That seems like an easy question.
The first tempting answer is,
"I'm not moving."
Upon further reflection,
you realize that maybe the Earth's motion counts.
So, a second tempting answer is,
"19 miles/second around the Sun."
But then you recall learning that the Sun
moves around the center of the Milky Way galaxy,
and the Milky Way moves within the Local Group of galaxies,
and the Local Group moves within the Virgo Cluster,
and the Virgo Cluster moves within...
"How fast are you moving?"
is not an easy question.
When Mission Control tells astronauts
how fast they're going,
there's always an assumed standard of rest.
At the start of the voyage,
speeds are given relative to the launchpad.
But later, when the launchpad is
just one more arbritrary place
down there on Earth's spinning surface,
speeds are given relative to
the idealized, non-spinning pinpoint center of Earth.
On their way to the Moon,
Apollo astronauts had a hard time
answering the question,
"How fast are you moving?"
Speed away from Earth was one thing,
and speed toward the Moon was quite another.
That's because the Earth and the Moon
move relative to one another.
Ah, of course!
Speed is a relative quantity.
When Captain Kirk ask Lieutenant Sulu
if the Starship Enterprise has reached a speed of warp 7,
Sulu should reply,
"Relative to what, Captain?"
Such a sassy reply
may get subordinate Starfleet officers in trouble,
but it is the only good answer
to the question, "How fast are you moving?"
This is basic relatively talking.
Not fancy Einsteinian relativity,
but good old fashioned (and still correct)
Galilean relativity.
Galileo seems to have been the first person
to realize that there is no such thing
as an absolute speed.
Speeds are relative.
This means that speeds only have meaning
when they are referred to a reference frame.
Presumably that reference frame is itself at rest.
But then we have to ask again,
"At rest relative to what?"
Because even the concept of rest
has lost any hint of absolute meaning.
Speed is relative, and rest is relative.
Earth's speed is 19 miles/second relative to the Sun.
The Enterprise's speed is warp 7
relative to the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
Your speed is zero relative to your easy chair.
But depending on where you sit,
it is hundreds of miles/hour relative to Earth's center.
When we furrow a brow and ask,
"But how fast is Earth really moving?"
we imagine Spaceship Earth
plowing through the ocean of space
as it orbits the Sun.
But space is not an ocean.
It has no substance as water does.
Space is not a thing;
space is nothing.
Space is no thing.
You can move between two points in space,
say between Earth and Mars,
but you can't move through space.
There's nothing to move through.
It's like trying to say how much a hole weighs.
A hole weighs exactly nothing
because a hole is nothing.
It's a void, and so is space.
To move relative to nothing is meaningless.
The concepts of speed and of rest
have only relative meaning.
They are absolutely meaningless.
They mean something
only with respect to arbitrarily chosen,
artificial frames of reference.
If, someday, you are buckled into your spaceship,
and you see from the side window, say,
a space station whizz by at constant speed,
there is no way to know which of you is really moving.
Neither of you is really moving
because there is no deep reality about constant speed.
Constant speed in a straight line
has only relative meaning,
a kind of relative reality.
Does this mean that all motion is relative?
No! Some motions have only relative meaning,
but some motions have absolute meaning,
are absolutely real.
For example, constant speed is relative,
but change in speed is absolute.
Calling something absolute in science
means that arbitrary standards are not used
in its measurement.
It is unambiguously measurable.
When your spaceship fires its engines,
your change in speed is beyond doubt.
You feel it in your stomach,
and your ship's sensors can measure it.
Outside your window,
the passing space station
may seem to be changing speed,
but the beings inside the station will not feel it.
And no sensors can measure it.
You are really changing speed,
and they are really are not.
There's something absolutely real
about changes in speed.
The same goes for rotation.
If your spaceship is spinning,
you can feel it,
and your ship's sensors can measure it.
The space station outside
may seem to be going around you,
but it is you who feels queasy,
not the folks in the space station.
You are really spinning,
and they really are not.
There's something absolutely real about rotation.
So, some motions are relative, and some are not.
There is no deep reality about constant speed,
but changes in speed are deeply real,
and so are rotations.
We have to be thoughtful
in our analysis of everyday experience
in order to identify what is deeply real.
Since we can be fooled by perceptions
as basic as speed,
maybe every perception deserves careful scrutiny.
This is what inspired Einstein
to his incredible insights
about the speed of light and forward time travel.
Knowing how to identify
what is deeply real
is tough and important work.
If a police officer ever pulls you over for speeding
and asks, "Do you know how fast you were going?"
an insightful, though perhaps unwise, reply
would be, "Relative to what?"
And then, as you sit in the backseat of the police car
and feel it accelerate toward jail,
you can add,
"But some things are absolute!"