my name is Dylan if you're new around here I just put a PhD in physics on hold create
some fun things so come check this out oh it's a nice result oh [ __ ] so if you want to turn your
car into a street car how about a time machine I promised you guys a time machine it's as good as
it's going to get unfortunately because I dropped out of that PhD um so yeah I mean I want to see
these results I haven't seen these in a sec let me show you AMA interior which actually gives
like photorealistic results so I made these these are my babies if you ever click on these right you
know how you've got the private option you don't have to put your room or your car online right
and pretty much everyone is choosing this private option so if it looks like you're coming and it's
the same pictures because everyone's just choosing the private one we get a lot of uses each day it's
going very well and one more thing I created Kell which is the world's first post Quantum VPN it's
got post Quantum cryptography in it right and this stuff it's gonna be very important going forward
a lot of countries at the moment they're all really racing to try and upgrade their standards
of encryption and I was like I'm gonna not do the business to business approach I want to try and do
the consumer help people approach so that's enough of that the Universe looks like a vast empty ocean
sprinkled with rare islands of galaxies but this is an illusion just a small fraction of all atoms
are found in galaxies while the rest is thought to be drifting in between in The Intergalactic medium
like the roots of some massive tree gas it's a bit of misinformation there it's a very small amount
um you know so he's just painted a picture for people that is really not quite it is
it really is like Islands in a vast ocean and we've recently what he's talking about yeah
we've recently discovered these filaments these magnetic Islands if you will that
connect the galaxies in some weird ways and not they don't completely connect them
um but it looks like there are these weird connections we're not really understanding
and more than that you know you have Supernova explosions sort of like sometimes on the edges
of galaxies and they also shoot out these giant magnetic fields but beyond that you know if you
know much about dark matter we kind of think of you might have heard something called The Cosmic
web this is just Dark Matter okay and it's like this it looks like neurons and the the
connections in a brain this is actually from the Millennium simulations which I was toying around
with a lot in my honors thesis and my PhD um used to play with the Millennium simulations
a lot really cool and body Dark Matter simulation so you're just simulating dark matter and gravity
uh and it's also you could also call them cosmological simulations right and then
this is does not include any baryonic matter like galaxies and just all the stuff you can think
of basically this is just Dark Matter see how this is like a web this structure you're seeing
is just dark matter uh and that there's like these filaments and where you find the Galaxy
is actually at these sort of like nodes and these bright bits are what you would call bcgs brightest
cluster galaxies they're the big boys and the centers of these big boys uh the even the bigger
I don't want to sound racist bigger dark boys the big black holes the supermassive boys so I
just wanted to give you this little bit of context because I was like that's nice so it spreads out
from each Galaxy gravity funneling fresh Mass so this is really new stuff I kind of want to talk
about this a little bit more though like because he he did sort of say something that is like you
know there's not that much matter between the galaxies into this dense Cosmic Forest Mata slash
energy you should say here in The Intergalactic medium are the raw materials of creation
hydrogen and helium maybe this is all still theoretical stuff
um you know like there's this is there's still lots of verification required verification is you
know observations in astrophysics we've been into sheets and the filaments that flow into galaxies
where they eventually create Stars but if we look closely we see who's actually inch like
as we do it the way we do theories and stuff in astrophysics is you do computer simulations uh and
you put all the physics you currently know about and a computer simulation so you call them like
theoretical slash computational astrophysicists and that's what I was doing and then you have
the observers the observational and they deal with all the telescopes and you know like jwst
the theorists they kind of like put stuff in their simulations they try to you know and then they you
know run their simulation to see what happens they try to make it look like they're real universe
that's kind of like you know what you use to fine tune it and uh and you know you make kind of
changes to parameters maybe inclusive new physics and then if it looks maybe closer to what the real
Universe looks like uh or if you see something new well then you write a paper about it that's
you and you make a prediction and you give that to The Observers and you say look this is what we
should see if my sort of hypothesis is correct about this new you know parameter or whatever
uh and sometimes that works out and that's how we are discovering new things in astrophysics all the
time it's really cool us the single most powerful objects in existence as small as a grain of sand
compared to the Amazon River they reside in the centers of some galaxies shining with the power
of a trillion Stars blasting out huge Jets of matter completely reshaping the cosmos around them
that's such a sick animation the powerful that they can kill a Galaxy what are they and how do
they mold the structure of the universe at the whim everywhere you look weird things in the sky
in the 1950s this guy's been watching my videos astronomers noticed mysterious loud radio waves
coming from spots all over the sky they were named quasi-stellar radio sources or quasars
because they were dots like stars but were seen in radio waves rather than visible light
everything about them was strange some flickered others emitted high energy x-rays in addition to
radio waves but all seemed to be tiny they all moved extremely fast as much as over 30 percent
the speed of light the only explanation was that they must have been so distant that their apparent
speed was actually the expansion of the universe moving them away from us but these enormous
distances meant that quasars couldn't just be stars but the active cores of galaxies billions
of light years away and it gets crazier to appear so bright and Loud given these vast distances
their best soundtrack in a good example I've heard today there are thousands of times brighter than
the entire Milky Way monsters exploding and screaming into the void with a violence not
thought possible before that's that's not a very good like representation of what's happening but
hopefully they talk about it as we match the sky we discovered over a million quasars and
they all seem to be very far away looking into space far away means very long ago because light
takes so long to reach us yeah quasars were common in the early Universe having peaked
in number 10 billion years ago when galaxies and the universe itself were still very young let's
go back in time just three billion years after the big bang and see what was going on back then
the incredible power of quasars How could an early baby Galaxy be so incredibly bright and
violent this is one of the things I was looking at for my PhD um early Galaxy
formation and how you know there are these massive galaxies so early in the universe
you know so how did Baby galaxies get so big so quickly we have no idea still we really don't
um answers take for instance what you'd call the progenitor of the Milky Way right because since
the very early Universe you know galaxies uh have uh merged right and so if you follow if you walk
back you know the history of galaxies there's actually multiple sort of all in one now right
and you call this like a progenitor walk and you write a little algorithm for your simulation and
you go backwards and so the Milky Way it's progenitor at this point in time
uh maybe let's go to about a billion years after the big bang it would have been like
um like 50 times smaller physically but it would almost have you know a similar sort
of mass already which is really crazy so these things grew really quickly and then they kind
of just leveled off at a relatively early point in the universe and all of this stuff
is still quite mysterious all that light and radiation couldn't be stars as there weren't
nearly enough of them and since galaxies tend to grow with Time by merging the Starlight from small
galaxies shouldn't be far brighter than any Galaxy today there's only one way to generate the vast
amounts of energy a quasar shines with feeding supermassive black holes we still don't know
how exactly they formed but it seems that every galaxy has one in their Center but how can the
brightest things in the universe be black holes which trap anything and everything that crosses
their Event Horizon well the likes of a quasar is not coming from inside these black holes rather
it comes from the space around them a massive orbiting disk of gas called an attrition disc
quasars use the same fuel as stars to shine matter it's just that black holes are the most efficient
engines for converting matter into energy in the universe the energy released by matter falling
into a black hole can be 60 times greater than that released by nuclear fusion in the core of a
star because the energy released by a black hole comes from Gravity not from nuclear reactions
matter falling into a black hole speeds up to almost the speed of light before it crosses the
Event Horizon buzzing with an incredible amount of kinetic energy of course once inside the black
hole it takes that energy with it you only get to witness this energy if you drop your matter in the
right way fall straight down and the outside Universe gets nothing but when you have a lot
of matter it spirals in incredibly fast towards the Event Horizon so that's not necessarily true
like he's kind of just I keep saying here I know it's a big team of people they're forgetting that
um Hawking radiation is a thing so like saying the universe gets nothing isn't quite true and
actually when you know you get near black holes depending on its size you could be met with the
firewall of radiation you know there's lots of hypothesis hypotheses about this
um so we got it when talking about the stuff and visualizing it you've got to be
like hyper careful forming a desk collisions between particles and friction heated up to
hundreds of thousands of degrees in a space not much bigger than our soda system the
core of a Galaxy can release many times more energy than all its Stars combined
this yeah it also results in like a flat disc a creation disc around it due to the conservation of
angular momentum just like why spiral galaxies and things are like flat deaths as well the Quasar is
a super massive black hole having a feast and these black holes eat a lot typical quasars
consume 1 to 100 Earth masses of gas per minute 10 billion years ago the universe was about a
third of its current you'd think it'd be a lot more wouldn't you right like that's not that
much when you really think about how big these things are ties so the intergalactic medium was
much less spread out meaning the filaments of gas around quasars could feed them a banquet making
them vomit insane amounts of light and radiation this is also why I said before the Galaxy is you
know would almost as much mass were much smaller much more dense uh the universe at this early time
the universe was much smaller and much more dense and so everything was closer together and you had
quasars that's one of the hypotheses for way that quasars were more prevalent in the early universe
everything is just more dense so you had Mata coalescing and gravitation collapsing more often
and then you know if you get a quasar on one little spot it just sort of launches out giant
death beam and just annihilates everything in its path the brightest quasar's power jet tangling the
magnetic field of the matter around them into a narrow cone around this thing right you've got
all this matter uh you know a lot of it you know has is electrically charged and so you know if you
move electric charge around you get you generate a magnetic field and you do that with a lot of
matter with a lot of energy and you get a lot of strong magnetic fields and they all kind of
you know as moving around this thing and they all kind of get twisted and they all interact
with each other and so they they whip around the black hole and they twist and they break
um and that basically results in the mechanisms behind that in this beam that shoots out
perpendicular just like they're showing here um now this is it's so strange you know you've got
this flat disc and you've got these like death beams coming out in both sides but there's also
a lot more to this which I don't think they're going to talk about here right quasars might have
multiple modes like a radio mode and a quasar mode and um so this is what you call the Quasar mode
when these beams are active there's also a radio mode where it also is shooting out these Jets
but a much more sort of wider sort of uh it's not really a beam at that point right shooting out uh
just like radio waves like a particle accelerator they launch enormous beams of matter out plowing
through the circumgalactic medium forming plumes of matter that grow your giant fire doesn't it the
hundreds of thousands of light years in size it's almost unfathomable in scale a tiny spot
in a galaxy carving out patches of the universe hundreds of thousands they also can make different
shapes as well which is really cool there's like an X1 which I don't think we still understands
of light years long but quasans can't eat for long maybe a few million years because they're
Feast it's they're also what we call Active Galactic nuclei right because you've got the
galactic nuclei this thing uh and it's active we say it turns on the Galaxy turns on we think all
galaxies are capable of doing this if you feed enough matter into the big boy at the center
of the supermassive black hole so ultimately kills their Galaxy they'll always kill the Galaxy lasers
kill galaxies okay maybe killing is a bit of an exaggeration a galaxy is still there after it's
quite bizarre turns off but it will never be the same again quasars being among the hottest
and brightest things in the universe break their galaxies by hitting them up too much and stopping
star formation stars are gas that collapse in on itself and they got really hot but in a cloud of
gas that's already hot atoms are moving quickly when they Collide they hit hard exerting pressure
that resists gravity's squeeze so hot gas cannot form Stars instead the best gas for forming stars
is already cold and won't put up a fight when it's time to collapse into a star on top of
that quasars push gas out of their galaxies not only does this starve the Quasar but its Galaxy
loses the raw materials for new stars as sad as this sounds it might be a good thing for Life
the alternative yes because you know there are hypotheses are abound about how this can you know
destroy life in the Galaxy as well as you could you've probably already imagined right and not
only that the local Galaxy there's galaxies again we're closer together in the early days
you know satellite galaxies we'd call them can be far more dangerous too many stars new stars
forming is usually followed by massive stars exploding in supernovae so planets would be
burned sterile but of course it's more complicated like the intricacies of our own planet's biosphere
every piece of the Galaxy is dependent on and influencing every other part of the galactic
environment yes while hot things like quasars and supernovae tend to push gas out of the Galaxy
shock waves and Quasar Jets can also compress gas making new stars at least for a short time did the
Milky Way have a quasar in the past yes it did at least we think and it could come back again
which is kind of cool and you know the problem is we're in the Galaxy itself
so it's very hard to see what's going on it's unclear if every Galaxy went through a quasar
phase but understanding you should probably be saying that about a lot of things in this video
because the science is not settled um a lot of this stuff is unclear there's scientific
consensus in like opinions but you know science isn't about opinions isn't it distant quasars
May provide clues to the history of the Milky Way galaxies don't do a good job of preserving
their history like sand on a beach the endless churning mixes away the clues to their past
it's possible the Milky Way was once again like Earth's surface hey you know the surface
is constantly being reshaped with you know volcanic activity and magma and the the the rock
is constantly being folded and moved and morphed it's beautiful these are which may have allowed
our supermassive black hole Sagittarius A star to have grown to four million times the mass of the
Sun and as okay I'm gonna I'm gonna read it to you okay you have to read quickly because with times
maybe we don't need to do times two just because um we'll do 1.5 because without sound it's not as
fun as Dorman as this now billions of years in the Milky Way will merge with Andromeda we've never
okay it's not that quick what is using Galaxy smash together where fresh gas is provided for
the central black holes but it won't last for long when galaxies merge so do their supermassive black
holes thinking into the center of the new Galaxy kicking up dust we don't know whether this will
happen yet but it will truly be an incredible sight maybe some beings in the far future are
going to witness it and be in all of what they see that was pretty good I think you know it was
11 minutes this stream has been like an hour so we clearly talked about a lot so how about we go