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Just like most major galaxies, our Milky Way’s core is home to a supermassive black hole.
And just like in most major galaxies, this black hole is currently quiescent.
Which is to say, it’s not actively eating a bunch of matter.
But that doesn’t mean it’s always been that way.
Astronomers announced this week that they’ve found more evidence that our black hole
woke up around 3 and a half million years ago.
Which is pretty recently in galactic terms.
And it ate so much, it belched out beams of radiation stretching over 200,000 light-years into the void,
an act of cosmic over-indulgence that could tell us more about how galaxies change over time.
I should note that these beams shot out of our galaxy perpendicular to the Milky Way’s disk.
Our early human ancestors were already around at this point,
but they wouldn’t have been affected by or even have noticed this event.
Lucy was fine, guys!
It did affect the Magellanic Stream,
which is a long trail of gas coming off the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds,
the dwarf galaxies next door to the Milky Way.
And we can still spot the side effects of this flare by looking at different kinds of light,
both visible and not.
Previous research looking at x-rays, gamma rays, and the red part of the visible spectrum
had hinted at a massive explosion coming from the center of our galaxy
anywhere from 2 to 8 million years ago.
And this most recent finding adds ultraviolet observations collected by Hubble.
By measuring the ratios of different carbon and silicon ions,
the team concluded that regions of the Magellanic Stream
got caught in an ancient blast cone of ionizing radiation
originating from the Milky Way’s supermassive black hole, Sgr A*.
According to their models, this event dates back to 3.5 million years ago,
which fits within the range from the previous studies using different light.
The researchers compared this explosion, known as a Seyfert flare,
to someone turning on a galactic-sized lighthouse beam,
although it would have to shoot out cones of radiation in opposite directions.
And not spin.
Studies like these help astronomers learn about how both black holes and entire galaxies evolve,
which might also give us a better glimpse at the larger environment our solar system grew up in,
out in the Milky Way’s boonies.
But let’s bring things most of the way back home to Enceladus:
the moon of Saturn with a giant subsurface ocean
that represents one of the most promising places to look for life beyond Earth.
Astronomers have been poring over data collected by the Cassini mission for years now,
looking at its observations of Enceladus to determine the exact chemical makeup of that ocean.
And last month, a team based in Germany announced that they’d found evidence of the building blocks
of the building blocks of life.
Amino acids make up the proteins in our bodies, but even they are made up of smaller chemical units.
And the team published evidence of those more basic components.
One component has to have nitrogen, that’s the amino part.
Another has to have oxygen, the acid part.
And the other component varies depending on which amino acid we’re talking about.
Many have a structure that has a closed loop of atoms bonded to each other,
what chemists call an aromatic ring.
And the team detected all three of these in Cassini’s data.
Now, Cassini didn’t get this data by looking at the ocean itself, it’s under a fair bit of ice.
But lucky for us, Enceladus spits out plumes of water vapor and ice grains
from its ocean into space.
Those plumes carry along any other chemicals that had been mixed in.
That can include dissolved bits of rocks and minerals,
but the really interesting compounds are organic, or carbon-based, molecules.
It’s hypothesized that Enceladus’ ocean has hydrothermal vents much like the ones here on Earth.
And these vents provide the energy needed for chemical reactions to take place,
including those that can create organic molecules.
Last year, the same team found evidence of larger, more complex organic molecules.
But those molecules aren’t very water-soluble.
This time, looking at the data some more,
they were able to find evidence of much smaller molecules that do dissolve in water.
And that matters
because it tells us about how those bigger molecules could be made from scratch deep under water.
To identify the compounds, the team compared over 700 measurements Cassini collected,
with the signatures of all the different compounds mixed together,
against experiments performed on Earth.
That can’t tell us the exact molecules that exist under Enceladus’s surface,
but it does tell us what elements and small groups of elements they’re made up of.
Combined with additional information about Enceladus
and how different molecules act in such environments,
they narrowed down the best candidates.
As for whether amino acids can be made from those ingredients in that environment,
previous studies suggest that the hydrothermal environment at the bottom of Enceladus’s ocean
may be similar to a region under Earth’s mid-Atlantic ocean.
And down there scientists have found evidence that amino acids can form.
We’re still a long way away from finding even the simplest life on another world,
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