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right now on January 23rd 1960 the
Trieste touched down on the sandy soil
at the bottom of challenger deep the
deepest part of the mariana trench and
deepest point in the world at a depth of
thirty five thousand eight hundred
fifteen feet the Trieste withstood an
incredible 1.25 metric tons per square
centimeter of pressure although the
single Plexiglas window had cracked on
the way down giving American Don Walsh
and Frenchman Jacques Piccard a good
scare
yet the Trieste was not a submarine but
rather a bath Eska specifically designed
to withstand the tremendous pressure in
today's episode of the infographic show
we asked how deep can submarines go it
said we know more about the surface of
the Moon than we do about the bottom of
our own oceans and the reason why may
have a lot to do with how incredibly
difficult it is to visit the deepest
depths as a submarine slips beneath the
waves the weight of the water above it
presses down on its hull the deeper you
go the more water above you and the
greater the pressure on your submarine
bathysphere or bethis cats such as the
Trieste are able to dive to much deeper
depths than a submarine because they are
spherical as opposed to the cylinder
design of a submarine a sphere is better
able to resist pressure because it takes
advantage of its arch like construction
something discovered by the ancient
Romans who used arches extensively in
their grand architecture as force
presses down on the arched top half of a
bathysphere the pressure is distributed
equally across the entire sphere a
cylinder on the other hand does take
advantage of some of the arch light
characteristics of a bathysphere but
aren't as effective in spreading out the
pressure exerted on them as a completely
rounded sphere for utility reasons
submarines also must be designed
differently so they can hold crew
equipment and weapons while a
bathysphere is typically limited to only
a few square feet of space
the Trieste for example housed her crew
and only seven square feet of living
space making for an incredibly cramped
four and a half hour ride to the bottom
of the ocean submarines are thus far
more limited in their cruising depths
than a specially built bathysphere and
each
Marine has different depth ratings
oxygen becomes toxic at higher pressures
and humans can suffer extreme
physiological effects from high air
pressure as oxygen becomes pressurized
it forms large amounts of superoxide
anion and peroxide which are highly
toxic to living cells while the human
body secretes multiple enzymes to
protect itself from these effects under
high pressure the production of these
highly reactive species overwhelms a
cell's ability to protect itself
destroying the cell prolonged exposure
to high pressure oxygen can lead to
dizziness convulsions and eventually
death
nitrogen - becomes highly toxic to
humans at high pressures inducing
nitrogen narcosis or rapture of the deep
which produces a drunken like state in
the victim some divers suffering from
nitrogen narcosis have died from
willingly removing their scuba equipment
and they're confused State to protect
its crew a submarine must therefore be
able to keep the air inside at a
relatively normal pressure which then
creates a massive pressure difference
between the inside and outside that its
hull must resist given operational
concerns such as stealthiness and the
necessity to effectively engage in
combat submarines are therefore far more
limited in their diving ranges than a
bathysphere typically each submarine has
a design depth which is calculated by
engineers who take into account
materials available and any new
technological developments in
manufacturing from there the ship's
designers calculate how thick the hull
must be a subs test depth is generally
set at two-thirds design depth for u.s.
submarines and 4/7 design depth for the
British Royal Navy and is the maximum
depth at which a submarine is allowed to
operate during peacetime operating depth
or never exceed depth is the maximum
submarine is allowed to operate under
any conditions to include battle crush
depth or collapse depth is exactly what
it sounds like the depth at which a
submarines hull is expected to crush so
how deep can a submarine actually go in
response to a revelation via their
spying Network that the United States
could easily track all of its very noisy
submarines the Soviet Union launched the
akula-class submarine in the mid-1980s
an absolute monster of a sub 360 two
feet long with a beam of 45 feet wide
while the full capabilities of a
military submarine are kept secret it
was known that the Akula thirds test
depth was seventeen hundred ten feet
with a maximum operating depth of two
thousand feet in response the u.s.
created the Sea Wolf class which was
smaller than the Akula featured
significantly better performance than
either its nemesis or the los
angeles-class submarine the hull two
inches thick made of steel 20 percent
stronger than that used in the los
angeles-class a sea wolves crush depth
was estimated to be between 2,400 and
3,000 feet however in the mid-2000s the
USS Jimmy Carter was modified to support
clandestine operations adding an extra
100 foot section of Hull to support the
launching and recovery of unmanned
vehicles and up to 50 seals the
modifications also featured auxiliary
maneuvering water jets for precise
maneuvering when tapping undersea cables
given that undersea cables can run to
some pretty extreme depths the true
crush depth of the u.s. sea wolf
submarine is likely well over 3,000 feet
and will remain highly classified
civilian submarines however have dived
to much deeper depths the Alvin class of
submarines were made famous as the
original model explored the wreckage of
the Titanic in 1986 on a secret mission
for the US Navy to find and map the
wreckage of two lost subs maritime
explorer Robert Ballard was granted
last-minute permission to attempt to
find the wreck of the doomed passenger
ship after a week of fruitless searching
the Titanic was finally discovered at a
depth of 2.37 miles beneath the surface
diving down in his Alvin submersible and
accompanied by a remotely operated
vehicle Ballard took many pictures of
the fame
correct and in the years since other
missions to the ship have been
successful to include a dozen dives by
American director James Cameron small
submersibles far exceed the maximum
depths of larger military submarines
because they don't have to hold as many
crew members and can must take advantage
of stronger spherical designs while
modern submersibles may even be capable
of reaching the depths of challenger
deep
none have tried since the famous
expedition of the Trieste Bath escape
yet today surprisingly enough it's NASA
that is interested in very deep diving
submersibles after the discovery of
liquid water on Titan nASA has begun
testing designs for a sub capable of
diving in the methane infused water yet
unlike on earth this submarine will need
to withstand extreme cold temperatures
of around negative 290 degrees
Fahrenheit and greater pressures than
regular seawater yet lurking beneath the
frigid waters of Titan NASA thinks might
be black smokers volcanic vents like
those that litter the surface of our own
ocean and are havens for deep sea life
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would you ever take a ride to the bottom
of the ocean how about the bottom of an
alien ocean millions of miles from home
let us know in the comments also be sure
to check out our other video called the
deadliest submarine built by the USSR
thanks for watching and as always don't
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you next time