hi again everybody welcome to Ingrid
comm I'm Adam
in today's video we're gonna look at
transitions now you may have seen some
other videos on Ingrid about transitions
especially for writing what we're gonna
look at today are a few more specific
transitions but this time we're not
looking at transitions between
paragraphs or even transitions between
sentences okay we're looking at
transitions that we are generally using
in a sentence to shift from one idea to
another idea in a sentence so they're
very similar to like adverb adverb
clauses for example but they're used in
different ways but again they do have
their specific purposes now you'll also
notice that all of them or most of them
start with their plus a preposition or
where plus a preposition and we have the
one special one here by so they're by
their of their after they're in there
for we're in we're by here by these are
the words we're going to look at and how
they're used with in sentences now
before I explain these to you and show
them show you samples of how they're
used I want you to understand that these
are generally very formal very high-end
they're not very commonly used there are
other ways you can say these things
without being too serious I guess you
could say but if you're going to
university if you're gonna take a test
IELTS TOEFL SAT all these tests you will
see these and you should be able to use
them as well
and if you can actually use them
properly in your essays and like I get
nicely appropriately good timing your
score that'll help your score should go
up quite a bit because these are not
very easy to use so we're gonna start
with there by there by basically means
by which or through which or look
through this action something happened
it's a little bit similar to do to the
only problem is you can't use it in the
same structure as due to okay so let's
look at the first sentence the
team lost the final game of the season
thereby missing the playoffs so
basically by doing this by losing the
last game the result what happened they
missed the playoffs but notice that we
are using an ing here thereby missing
the playoffs right this is basically a
gerund expression of gerund phrase but
we can't use this with clause we're
using it with an ing so that's one thing
you have to keep in mind if I wanted to
use due to I would have to change the
whole structure due to their loss in the
final game of the season the team missed
the playoffs a completely different
structure I'm using the independent
clause here the do to with the cause etc
this one gives you another option
basically on how to link the ideas cause
effect but we don't have to use the ing
we had we can use another way Lisa
studied for three straight weeks and was
thereby able to pass her test
so she studied study started and through
this action she was able to pass her
test and it was thereby and she was
thereby able notice that I'm not using
this to start the clause I'm using it
within the clause between the verbs to
show through this action this was the
result that she was looking for okay so
by which through which action let's look
at there in the new contract does not
allow for extended maternity leave here
I'm using the semicolon I'm gonna give
you the next idea so this is like a
conjunction therein lies the problem for
the Union
sixty percent of whose membership is
young women so they're in basically
means in that or into that situation
problem position states exact etcetera
so they're in they're in means in what
in this situation in this new contract
there's a problem so they're in in this
new contract lies the problem and this
is a very common
follow up to the transition there and
therein lies the problem
a very famous expression therein lies
the rub from Shakespeare hi there's the
rub I'm not sure if you know that
expression I think from Hamlet's dream
to you if you dream and you can die it's
all good but then no there's a problem
you don't wake up so therein lies the
rub very common expression to use with
lies but the tomb and all the contents
therein means all the contents in the
tomb were photographed before analysis
could begin again much there are much
easier ways to say this the tomb and all
its contents were photographed so why
should I use therein to sound pretty to
sound sophisticated to sound academic
okay this is the thing about academic
writing when you get to universities
it's all about how many words and how
nice the words are of course this
content is very important what you have
to say but they also want you to write
very academically and this is a very
academic word you're not gonna see this
in newspapers you're not gonna see this
in everyday writing you will see it a
lot when you get to university or
college and start reading academic text
books and papers etc so the same
basically applies to most of these the
preposition definitely gives you a hint
of how the word is used but we're going
to look at some more examples and go
through each one and make sure we
understand it okay so we're gonna look
at four more now there of therefore
there after we're in now the first thing
you're going to start noticing is that
basically use the preposition in the
word and just think about replacing the
word there with that so there of means
of that let's look at an example both
parties had their sights focused on the
northern regions especially the
demographics thereof so the demographics
look sorry and we're preparing for an ad
war the demographics this means the
statistics the information of
what type of people live there like
their ages their ethnicity are they
which party do they lean to so all the
information about the people so we're
talking about the demographics of the
people in the northern regions okay
they had their sights focused on the
northern regions especially the
demographics of the northern regions so
we have the that of that now the key is
to realize what that is remember that
when we use that as a demonstrative
pronoun we're always pointing to
something that has already been
mentioned and it's very important that
it should be very clear what has been
mentioned the demographics of the
northern regions as already mentioned
and we're preparing for an ad war okay
fine wines and a knowledge thereof so
our luxury if you can afford so fine
wines and a knowledge thereof knowledge
of fine wines okay so this is what we're
doing we're just linking things together
using more formal language do you need
to practice this a lot no you need to
recognize it and if you can throw in one
or two every once in a while I
personally like where by and thereby I
use those pretty often in my writing but
I don't need to I just like to have a
little bit of variety when I write so
you can keep that in mind as well
therefore again this is the most
commonly used one everybody has been
taught this as a transition to reach a
conclusion or basically means because of
that and again that something that's
already mentioned so I think therefore I
am so because I think because of that I
am notice that we're using this is
followed by clause subject verb here we
don't have to followed by a clause we
can just use it by itself as an adverb
here it can be used as a conjunction
introducing an idea in a clause
subject-verb about the independent
clause I am well prepared now here again
I'm using this I'm starting a new idea
but I'm still linking there is no reason
therefore that I should stumble stumble
so because of that because I am well
prepared
there is no reason I should stumble ok
reaching a conclusion saying because
again this is the one that you're going
to use the most in your writing and even
in your spoken English ok thereafter
this is very straightforward means after
that a very specific situation or event
he worked at the university until he
retired and again I'm starting a new
sentence but I'm using it like a
conjunction a semicolon thereafter means
after he retired he took on sporadic
work as a consultant means sometimes
here and there he worked so after that
after he retired now one thing I also
want to mention therefore and thereafter
and before we had there in these are
these can be commonly used to begin a
sentence all the rest of them are always
within a sentence they're not commonly
used to begin a sentence they're always
part of the structure now we're getting
to the where's ok where where in
basically also means in that or in what
way or in which way that's another use
another basically meaning sorry another
use basically is how ok the affidavit
did not implicitly outline this isn't
zeti the DA implicitly outline where in
mr. Smith had broken any laws so the
affidavit this is like a paper that you
take that is given in the court that
lists all the problems all the charges
the person is going to face and what
brings the person to court and this it
did not show in this how he had broken
any laws so we have no reason to
think he's guilty we have no reason to
even arrest him okay we're in now the
thing about we're in this is the least
commonly used one of all of the ones I
wrote on before okay recognize it don't
try to use it it's very a little bit
old-fashioned a little bit too formal
not very commonly used okay just a few
more and we're done and you can start
writing your thesis okay
here's our last two and like I said this
is my favorite one I use it regularly
where by means by which or through which
or in accordance with which the company
introduced a new incentive program
whereby all employees were given an
equal shot at the bonuses so basically
this is referring to the program so the
new incentive program so according to
this program all employees were given an
equal shot at the bonuses again whereby
followed by a full Clause subject and a
verb clause but again it's related back
to the last situation a new program by
which or through which or in accordance
with which this is what will happen from
now on or from that time on okay and
here by now here by you will hear more
than you will read it has very specific
situations where you will read it but
you will hear it actually quite often
and I'll give you some examples
the most common place you'll read it is
when somebody resigns or gives up a
position given the present circumstances
I hereby resign my post as CEO okay
there's a company there was a scandal
and because of this scandal the CEO says
okay I need to retire I need to be
accountable take responsibility so with
this letter I resign so by means of this
declaration by means of this statement
that's what hereby means means with this
letter with this declaration with this
speech this is what I am doing I hereby
resign with
in the claws now if you watch the
Olympics you go to the opening
ceremonies there's like the other
athletes come in and then the torch
finally comes in and then after the tour
to the President or whoever have the
country or of the IOC of the Olympic
Committee says I hereby declare the
Olympic Games open so by saying it it is
true that's what hereby means and that's
why it's very commonly used when
expressing a situation or in the written
letters when you're especially when
you're resigning I hereby resign I
hereby declare I hereby hand over the
company to my son excetera with this
letter this is what I am doing again all
of these words are commonly used in
academic and more formal writing I urge
you those of you who are a bit more
advanced levels who are going to be
taking a test who are going to be going
to an english-speaking university where
you will have to do some writing
academic writing pick two three of these
transitions and try to use them try to
implement them in your writing to give
it a little bit more style a little bit
more Flair a little bit more formality
okay I hope this lesson was clear enough
or one more thing I know that I used
somewhat difficult sentences may be lots
of new vocabulary for you but again the
reason I did that is because all of
these words there where buys all of
these transitions are generally used
with higher end sentences was higher and
vocabulary they're not used with simple
English which is why the sentences were
not very simple either so keep that in
mind and also I just want to say hi to
Hossein he requested this lesson
he actually had a whole list of other
transitions but there were too many so I
put a nice little selection now I will
do another lesson for the other ones at
another time if you like this lesson
please subscribe to my youtube channel
if you have any questions about it
please go to Ingrid comm join the forum
and ask your questions I'll be happy to
answer them
there's gonna be a quiz there is a quiz
I should say at in vidcom you can try
your luck with these words and see if
you understand them and of course come
back see us again I'll have more good
lessons hopefully for you and I'll see
you then bye