The question of what makes something literary is an enduring one, and I don’t expect that
we’ll answer it fully in this short video.
Instead, I want to show you a few different ways that literary critics approach this question
and then offer a short summary of the 3 big factors that we must consider when we ask
the question ourselves.
Let’s begin by making a distinction between “Literature with a capital L” and “literature
with a small l.”
“Literature with a small l” designates any written text: we can talk about “the
literature” on any given subject without much difficulty.
“Literature with a capital L”, by contrast, designates a much smaller set of texts – a
subset of all the texts that have been written.
So what makes a text literary or what makes a text “Literature with a capital L”?
Let’s start with the word itself.
“Literature” comes from Latin, and it originally meant “the use of letters”
or “writing.”
But when the word entered the Romance languages that derived from Latin, it took on the additional
meaning of “knowledge acquired from reading or studying books.”
So we might use this definition to understand “Literature with a Capital L” as writing
that gives us knowledge--writing that should be studied.
But this begs the further question: what books or texts are worth studying?
For some critics, answering this question is a matter of establishing canonicity.
A work of literature becomes “canonical” when cultural institutions like schools or
universities or prize committees classify it as a work of lasting artistic or cultural
merit.
The canon, however, has proved problematic as a measure of what “Literature with a
capital L” is because the gatekeepers of the Western canon have traditionally been
White and male.
It was only in the closing decades of the twentieth century that the canon of Literature
was opened to a greater inclusion of diverse authors.
And here’s another problem with that definition: if inclusion in the canon were our only definition
of Literature, then there could be no such thing as contemporary Literature, which, of
course, has not yet stood the test of time.
And here’s an even bigger problem: not every book that receives good reviews or a wins
a prize turns out to be of lasting value in the eyes of later readers.
On the other hand, a novel like Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick, which was NOT received well by
critics or readers when it was first published in 1851, has since gone on to become a mainstay
of the American literary canon.
As you can see, canonicity is obviously a problematic index of literariness.
So… what’s the alternative?
Well, we could just go with a descriptive definition: “if you love it, then it’s
Literature!”
But that’s a little too subjective.
For example, no matter how much you may love a certain book from your childhood (I love
The Very Hungry Caterpillar) that doesn’t automatically make it literary, no matter
how many times you’ve re-read it.
Furthermore, the very idea that we should have an emotional attachment to the books
we read has its own history that cannot be detached from the rise of the middle class
and its politics of telling people how to behave.
Ok, so “literature with a capital L” cannot always by defined by its inclusion in the
canon or the fact that it has been well-received so…what is it then?
Well, for other critics, what makes something Literature would seem to be qualities within
the text itself.
According to the critic Derek Attridge, there are three qualities that define modern Western
Literature:
1.
a quality of invention or inventiveness in the text itself;
2.
the reader’s sense that what they are reading is singular.
In other words, the unique vision of the writer herself.
3.
a sense of ‘otherness’ that pushes the reader to see the world around them in a new
way
Notice that nowhere in this three-part definition is there any limitation on the content of
Literature.
Instead, we call something Literature when it affects the reader at the level of style
and construction rather than substance.
In other words, Literature can be about anything!
The idea that a truly literary text can change a reader is of course older than this modern
definition.
In the English tradition, poetry was preferred over novels because it was thought to create
mature and sympathetic reader-citizens.
Likewise, in the Victorian era, it was argued that reading so-called “great” works of
literature was the best way for readers to realize their full spiritual potentials in
an increasingly secular world.
But these never tell us precisely what “the best” is.
To make matters worse, as I mentioned already, “the best” in these older definitions
was often determined by White men in positions of cultural and economic power.
So we are still faced with the question of whether there is something inherent in a text
that makes it literary.
Some critics have suggested that a sense of irony – or, more broadly, a sense that there
is more than one meaning to a given set of words – is essential to “Literature with
a capital L.” Reading for irony means reading slowly or
at least attentively.
It demands a certain attention to the complexity of the language on the page, whether that
language is objectively difficult or not.
In a similar vein, other critics have claimed that the overall effect of a literary text
should be one of “defamiliarization,” meaning that the text asks or even forces
readers to see the world differently than they did before reading it.
Along these lines, literary theorist Roland Barthes maintained that there were two kinds
of texts: the text of pleasure, which we can align with everyday Literature with a small
l” and the text of jouissance, (yes, I said jouissance) which we can align with Literature.
Jouissance makes more demands on the reader and raises feelings of strangeness and wonder
that surpass the everyday and even border on the painful or disorienting.
Barthes’ definition straddles the line between objectivity and subjectivity.
Literature differs from the mass of writing by offering more and different kinds of experiences
than the ordinary, non-literary text.
Literature for Barthes is thus neither entirely in the eye of the beholder, nor something
that can be reduced to set of repeatable, purely intrinsic characteristics.
This negative definition has its own problems, though.
If the literary text is always supposed to be innovative and unconventional, then genre
fiction, which IS conventional, can never be literary.
So it seems that whatever hard and fast definition we attempt to apply to Literature, we find
that we run up against inevitable exceptions to the rules.
As we examine the many problematic ways that people have defined literature, one thing
does become clear.
In each of the above examples, what counts as Literature depends upon three interrelated
factors: the world, the text, and the critic or reader.
You see, when we encounter a literary text, we usually do so through a field of expectations
that includes what we’ve heard about the text or author in question [the world], the
way the text is presented to us [the text], and how receptive we as readers are to the
text’s demands [the reader].
With this in mind, let’s return to where we started.
There is probably still something to be said in favor of the “test of time” theory
of Literature.
After all, only a small percentage of what is published today will continue to be read
10, 20, or even 100 years from now; and while the mechanisms that determine the longevity
of a text are hardly neutral, one can still hope that individual readers have at least
some power to decide what will stay in print and develop broader cultural relevance.
The only way to experience what Literature is, then, is to keep reading: as long as there
are avid readers, there will be literary texts – past, present, and future – that challenge,
excite, and inspire us.