"How Many Glasses of Water Should We Drink a Day?"
More than 2000 years ago Hippocrates (c 460–377 BC) said,
‘If we could give every individual
the right amount of nourishment and exercise,
not too little and not too much,
we would have found the safest way to health.'
What does that mean when it comes to water?
Water has been described as a neglected, unappreciated
and under researched subject,
but a lot of the papers extolling the need for proper hydration
are funded by the bottled water industry.
Turns out the often quoted ‘drink at least eight glasses of water a day’
has little underpinning scientific evidence.
Where did they come up with that then?
The recommendation was traced back to this 1921 paper,
in which the author measured his own pee and sweat
and determined we lose about 3% of our body weight in water a day,
which comes out to be about 8 cups.
Consequently, for the longest time, water requirement guidelines
for humanity were based on just one person.
But now we have evidence suggesting not drinking enough water
may be associated with falls and fractures, heat stroke,
heart disease, lung disorders, kidney disease, kidney stones,
bladder and colon cancer, urinary tract infections, constipation,
dry mouth, cavities, decreased immune function and cataract formation.
The problem with many of these studies, though,
is that low water intake is associated with
several unhealthy behaviors, such as low fruit and vegetable intake,
more fast-food,less shopping at farmers markets.
And think about it— who drinks lots of water?
Those that exercise a lot.
So, maybe no wonder they have lower disease rates.
Only large and expensive randomized trials
could settle these questions definitively.
But given that water cannot be patented,
such trials seem unlikely.
Who's going to pay for them?
So we’re left with studies that link disease with low water intake.
But are people sick because they drink less,
or are they drinking less because they’re sick?
There have been a few large prospective studies
in which fluid intake is measured BEFORE disease develops.
For example, a Harvard study of 48,000 men
found that the risk of bladder cancer decreased by 7 percent
for every extra daily cup of fluid one may drink.
So a high intake of water— like 8 cups a day, 8 times 7,
may reduce the risk of bladder cancer by about 50 percent,
potentially saving thousands of lives.
The accompanying editorial commented that strategies
to prevent the most prevalent cancers in the West
are remarkably straightforward in principle.
To prevent lung cancer, quit smoking;
to prevent breast cancer, maintain your ideal body weight and exercise;
and to prevent skin cancer, stay out of the sun.
And now it seems that a seemingly simple way
to reduce the risk of bladder cancer is just drink more fluids.
This is probably the best evidence we have for a cut off.
20,000 men and women in the Adventist Health Study—
about half vegetarian, so they were also getting extra water
by eating more fruits and vegetables,
and those drinking 5 or more glasses of water a day
had about half the risk of dying from heart disease
compared to those who drank 2 or fewer glasses a day.
And like the Harvard study, this protection was after controlling
for other factors such as diet and exercise,
so they suggest it was the water itself,
perhaps by lowering blood viscosity, meaning blood thickness.
So based on all the best evidence to date,
authorities from Europe, the U.S. Institute of Medicine,
and the World Health Organization recommend
between 2 to 2.7 liters of water a day for women.
That’s 8 to 11 cups a day for women,
and 10 to 15 cups a day for men.
Now but that’s water from all sources, not just beverages.
And we get about a liter from food
and the water our body actually makes.
And so these translate into a recommendation
for women to drink 4 to 7 cups of water a day
and men, 6 to 11
assuming only moderate physical activity
at moderate ambient temperatures.
We can also get water from all the other drinks we consume,
including caffeinated drinks,
with the exception of stronger alcoholic drinks like wines and spirits.
Beer can leave you with more water than you started with,
but wine actively dehydrates you.
Note, though, in the cancer and heart disease studies I mentioned,
the benefits were only found with increased water consumption,
not other beverages,
so unless you have conditions like heart or kidney failure,
women should drink 4 to 7 cups of water a day
and men should drink 6 to 11.