(swing piano music)
- [Male Narrator] Almost everything we know
about ancient Greek sculpture
comes from later Roman copies in marble.
But the thing is, those marble copies
were made from Greek bronze originals.
The problem is, we don't have those bronzes
because bronze was expensive, and it could be reused,
it could be melted down into weapons,
into other sculptures, and it most often was.
- [Female Narrator] But we're looking at
one ancient Greek bronze that survives,
luckily, because of a shipwreck.
- [Male Narrator] Now, it was a very unlucky ship,
because it was found at the bottom
of about 50 meters of ocean water,
but it was very lucky for us because from it was retrieved
one of the most important original bronze sculptures
from ancient Greece.
- [Female Narrator] Many of the ancient Greek bronzes
that survive, survive thanks to shipwrecks.
- [Male Narrator] This is called the Antikythera Youth
because it was found off the coast of Antikythera,
and was recovered almost completely intact,
it's had some restoration.
- [Female Narrator] And it dates to about 340, 330 BCE,
so this is right at the end of the period
we would call the late Classical,
and right at the cusp of the period we call the Hellenistic,
which begins with the death of Alexander the Great.
- [Male Narrator] We can clearly see this
as a late Classical sculpture.
All of the Greek understanding of human anatomy is evident.
We can see the musculature, the bone structure,
we see the figure standing
in a beautiful example of contrapposto.
- [Female Narrator] We see a kind of blockiness in the torso
that might remind us of Polykleitos' Doryphoros
from the mid-5th century BCE.
- [Male Narrator] That is from the early Classical period.
But we also see a kind of lengthening
of the extended right arm
and of the free leg on the right side,
which reminds us of the way in which
the 4th century and the late Classical artists
were willing to distort the body
in order to express a kind of nobility or a kind of motion.
- [Female Narrator] And that elongation
we see in Lysippos' Apoxyomenos.
And we also might notice
that the head looks a little small for the body,
which is also something we see in the work of Lysippos.
There are also aspects of this
that have reminded art historians of the works
of the other great 4th century sculptor, Praxiteles.
- [Male Narrator] It shows the kind of flexibility
that late Classical sculptors had,
that they could draw on all of this
different source material.
This is just such an extraordinary image,
not only because the bronze has survived,
but even the inset eyes made with glass paste.
- [Female Narrator] We can imagine the bronze gleaming,
and that kind of gold color that bronze has.
The eyes being so lifelike,
and the way the figure strides into our space
and lifts up his arm, it's incredibly dramatic.
- [Male Narrator] It's no wonder the Romans wanted it.
But the question is, who is this?
- [Female Narrator] Well, his hand is up,
and it seems to be holding something that was spherical,
and the figure seems to be offering it to somebody.
- [Male Narrator] And if that's true,
that spherical object might have been an apple,
which means this would have been Paris.
- [Female Narrator] Right, Paris was
the unfortunate shepherd who was given the job
of deciding which of three goddesses was most beautiful.
- [Male Narrator] The story begins like this.
At the marriage of Peleus and Thetis,
one goddess was not invited
because she always caused trouble.
This, of course, was the goddess of discord,
and she lived up to her name
by throwing an apple at the feet of the goddesses
that was inscribed with the words
"I belong to the most beautiful".
- [Female Narrator] Now, who would get to have that apple?
- [Male Narrator] Well, they couldn't decide
amongst themselves, needless to say.
- [Female Narrator] Naturally.
- [Male Narrator] And so they choose
this unfortunate shepherd, Paris.
And he's visited by Aphrodite,
who promises a reward if she's chosen,
and that reward is Helen,
the most beautiful woman in the world.
Unfortunately, Helen of Troy was already spoken for.
- [Female Narrator] But he does choose
what Aphrodite offers,
and Helen is abducted, and thus begins the Trojan War.
- [Male Narrator] Now, of course, we have no idea
if this is really Paris or not,
but what we do have is an exceptional example of the regard
that the late Classical Greek period had for the male body.
Here we see this heroic figure,
with all this incredible articulation of the abdomen,
these smooth transitions
of one part of the body to the next.
It is a miracle of workmanship.
- [Female Narrator] Look at how his left arm
comes behind him as the right arm comes forward,
his torso shifts to his left,
even as he moves toward his right.
It's a very complex rendering of the human body in motion.
- [Male Narrator] It's a celebration
of this incredible mechanism that is the human body,
and of our intellectual ability
to understand how that body functions.
So in the 4th century, the Greeks understand the human body,
they understand how to sculpt,
they understand how to cast in large scale bronze,
they have all of these opportunities before them,
then they create magnificent sculpture.
(swing piano music)