Hallo, Deutschlerner.
I’m Herr Antrim and in this German grammar lesson I will teach you how to use the two-part
conjunctions, sometimes also called “compound conjunctions” or “Doppelkonjunktionen”.
By the end of this video you will be an expert on all of the German two-part conjunctions
and can test your knowledge in the comments below or via the worksheet that is available
on my website, linked down below.
First, we need to define what we are talking about.
What are two-part conjunctions?
Well, as the name implies, they are conjunctions that are used in two parts.
That is a terrible definition.
How about: They are words that connect other words, phrases and clauses, but require you
to put one piece in one half of the sentence and another piece in the other half.
That is a bit wordy, but it is at least more precise.
Basically, these are words that we use in two different parts of a sentence to connect
the words, phrases or clauses within that sentence.
Luckily for everyone involved, most of these conjunctions are considered “coordinating”,
in that they don’t change the word order.
The most difficult part about using them is knowing where to put them.
Once you have that down and you know what they mean, you will be able to use them with
no problem.
First up is the combination of “entweder” and “oder”.
In English we use “either” and “or”.
This conjunction connects two or more options and sets them up as you can only have one.
You know, like that Venn diagram that shows your options as a student.
Good grades, enough sleep or a social life.
Choose two.
In order to use this conjunction and the others on the list of coordinating two-part conjunctions,
you put “entweder” in front of the first option or first half.
Then you put “oder” before you start the second option or the second half of the sentence.
You can use these two parts to introduce an entire clause or simply a word or two.
Let’s start with just a couple of words.
Ich möchte entweder einen Foxterrier oder einen Schäferhund.
- I would like either a fox terrier or a German shepherd.
Er hätte entweder gern einen Tee oder einen Kaffee.
- He would like either tea or coffee.
When you use a two-part conjunction to connect two complete clauses, you need to have each
part at the beginning of their respective clause, meaning that the first half of the
conjunction goes in the first half of the sentence.
The second half of the conjunction goes in the second half of the sentence.
For example:
Entweder du stirbst als Held, oder du lebst lang genug um der Böse zu werden.
- You either die a hero, or live long enough to see yourself become the villain.
- Harvey Dent
Entweder schreib etwas Lesenswertes oder tue etwas Schreibenswertes.
- Either write something worth reading or do something worth writing.
- Benjamin Franklin
An alternative version of this quote could be:
Schreibe entweder Dinge, die lesenswert sind, oder tue Dinge, die schreibenswert sind.
- Either write something worth reading or do something worth writing.
- Benjamin Franklin
In this version, you see that “entweder” isn’t at the beginning of its clause.
This is due to the special nature of “entweder”.
It can go first in the sentence or after the verb.
I could have said it with “entweder” as the first word and it would still be correct.
Just don’t forget that while “oder” can be used on its own, “entweder” cannot.
It must be used in conjunction with “oder”.
You can have more than two options with “entweder… oder”.
For example:
Ich möchte entweder einen Hund, eine Katze oder einen Goldfisch.
- I would like a dog, a cat or a goldfish.
Entweder du räumst dein Zimmer auf, du spülst das Geschirr oder du reinigst das Bad.
- Either you clean your room, you wash the dishes or you clean the bathroom.
Next up is the negated version of “entweder… oder”, “weder… noch”.
In English we simply add N to the beginning of each word and we now have “neither…
nor”.
In German we removed the “ent-” and swapped “oder” for “noch”.
The end result is still the same.
You have several options, but you can’t have any of them.
This is usually just two options, but just like “entweder… oder” you can have more
than just two options.
Here are a few examples of it in action.
Ich habe weder eine Katze noch einen Hund.
- I have neither a cat nor a dog.
Er möchte weder Kaffee trinken noch einen Keks essen.
- He would like neither to drink coffee nor to eat a cookie.
Wir dürfen weder ins Kino gehen, noch in die Disko, weil ich Hausarrest habe.
- We can neither go to the movies nor to the club, because I am grounded.
Wer sich weder durch Lob verführen, noch durch Tadel in Verwirrung bringen lässt,
der besitzt großen Herzensfrieden.
- Great tranquility of heart is his who cares for neither praise nor blame.
- Thomas à Kempis (Literally: Who is neither led astray by praise,
nor is allowed to be brought into dismay by reproach, he has great tranquility of heart.)
“weder… noch” also does something weird.
If you have two full clauses that you want to combine, “weder” pushes the subject
to the other side of the verb.
This happens with adverbial conjunctions, which is the topic for next week.
The basics is that it acts like an adverb and just like any other adverb, if you start
the sentence with that adverb, it pushes the subject to the other side of the verb.
For once the English word order mirrors this and also pushes the subject to the other side
of the verb.
For example:
Weder darf er ins Kino, noch kann er es ihm leisten.
- Neither can he go to the movies, nor can he afford it.
Weder arbeite ich heute, noch muss ich in die Schule.
- Neither do I work today nor do I have to go to school.
On the other end of the continuum we have “nicht nur… sondern auch”.
This combination means “not only... but also” in English.
It indicates that both the first thing and the other thing are true.
Unlike the conjunctions mentioned so far, the “nicht nur” part of the sentence doesn’t
start with “nicht nur”.
Instead you put “nicht nur” after the verb in the first clause.
“sondern auch” is also a bit odd, in that it can be split with extra words between “sondern”
and “auch”.
You do start the second clause with “sondern”, however.
Let’s start by combining just a few words and work our way up to full clauses.
Er hat nicht nur einen Hund, sondern auch eine Katze.
- He has not only a dog, but also a cat.
Er trinkt nicht nur einen Kaffee, sondern auch ein Glas Wasser.
- He isn’t drinking just a coffee, but also a glass of water.
Wir fahren nicht nur in die Stadt, sondern kaufen auch ein.
- We are not only driving into town, but also shopping.
Sie bringt nicht nur Wein für meinen Eltern, sondern gibt den Kindern auch Schokolade.
- She isn’t just bringing wine for my parents, but also giving the children chocolate.
How do you know where to put “auch”?
Sometimes it is next to “sondern”, but more often there are a few words between “sondern”
and “auch”.
How many words?
Is there a limit?
The “auch” in these sentences acts kind of like the placement for “nicht” in other
sentences.
If you reword the clause into a stand alone sentence with “nicht”, you can find the
placement for “auch”.
For example:
Wir kaufen nicht ein.
- We are not shopping.
Wir kaufen auch ein.
- We are also shopping.
Sie gibt den Kindern nicht/keine Schokolade.
- She isn’t giving the children chocolate.
Sie gibt den Kindern auch Schokolade.
- She is also giving the children chocolate.
A synonym for “nicht nur… sondern auch” is “sowohl… als auch”.
It still translates as “not only... but also” in English, but there is a subtle
difference between the two.
“nicht nur… sondern auch” indicates a sort of standard vs surprise/unusual juxtaposition,
whereas “sowohl… als auch” means that both things are the same.
The difference in English could be expressed by the difference between “not only... but
also” and “as well as”, with “sowohl… als auch” being more like “as well as”.
For example:
Sowohl mein Bruder als auch meine Schwester haben blonde Haare.
- My brother as well as my sister have blonde hair.
If you switch the brother and sister in this sentence, nothing changes in the meaning.
Sowohl meine Schwester als auch mein Bruder haben blonde Haare.
- My sister as well as my brother have blonde hair.
If you try to switch them with “nicht nur… sondern auch”, you change the meaning slightly.
Nicht nur mein Bruder, sondern auch meine Schwester haben blonde Haare.
- Not only my brother, but also my sister has blonde hair.
(Brother was expected to have blonde hair, but it is somewhat surprising that another
family member, namely the sister, also has blonde hair.)
Nicht nur meine Schwester, sondern auch mein Bruder haben blonde Haare.
- Not only my sister, but also my brother has blonde hair.
(Sister was expected to have blonde hair, but it is somewhat surprising that another
family member, namely the sister, also has blonde hair.)
This difference can be more striking in some situations.
The previous example didn't really make much of a difference, but it would make a big difference
in the following example.
Ich führe sowohl meinen Hund Gassi, als auch meine Katze.
- I walk my dog as well as my cat.
(Both parts are equal.
It is not surprising that either of them are brought on the walk.
If you switch the dog and the cat, nothing in the meaning changes.)
Ich führe nicht nur meinen Hund Gassi, sondern auch meine Katze.
- I don’t only take my dog for a walk, but also my cat.
(It is pretty standard to take your dog for a walk.
Cat’s aren’t big fans of leashes, so this is a bit odd.
Therefore we used “nicht nur… sondern auch”.
If you switch the dog and the cat in this example, the difference is much bigger, as
people don’t normally walk their cat.)
Generally speaking, you can use “sowohl… als auch” where you could use “und”,
which is why it isn’t very common to see full clauses connected by “sowohl… als
auch” and why I didn’t use any here.
Next up is “zwar… aber”, which is basically like “yeah… but”.
It indicates that the first is true, but that there is some additional info that is needed
to contextualize this info.
Here are a few examples.
Zwar habe ich genügend Geld, aber ich möchte es nicht ausgeben.
- It is true that I have enough money, but I don’t want to spend it.
You can also move the position of “zwar” to the adverb position.
Ich habe zwar genügend Geld, aber ich möchte es nicht ausgeben.
- It is true that I have enough money, but I don’t want to spend it.
Zwar kann ich Deutsch sprechen, aber ich bin kein Deutscher.
- It is true that I can speak German, but I am not a German.
Ich kann zwar Deutsch sprechen, bin aber kein Deutscher.
- It is true that I can speak German, but I am not a German.
This time I moved not only the word “zwar”, but also the word “aber”.
This is not necessary, but again, possible.
Moving “zwar” or “aber” is simply a stylistic choice and has little difference
in the meaning.
If you start a sentence with “zwar”, you are drawing attention to the “it’s true”
part of the sentence.
If you move “zwar”, it could be better translated in English by adding vocal emphasis
on the helping word.
Sometimes this is a form of “being”, but it can also be a modal verb, like in these
examples.
Ich kann zwar Deutsch sprechen, aber ich bin kein Deutscher.
- I can speak German, but I am not a German.
Ich habe zwar genügend Geld, aber ich möchte es nicht ausgeben.
- I do have enough money, but I don’t want to spend it.
When you move “aber”, it is more like adding the word “however” to the English
translation.
Ich kann zwar Deutsch sprechen, bin aber kein Deutscher.
- I can speak German, am however not a German.
Ich habe zwar genügend Geld, möchte es aber nicht ausgeben.
- I do have enough money, wouldn’t like to spend it, however.
There are a few ways to compare and contrast the clauses in a sentence.
The first on my list is "einerseits… andererseits".
This is most closely related to the English "on the one hand… on the other hand".
For example:
Einerseits brauchen wir Lehrer, andererseits wollen wir sie nicht gut bezahlen.
- On the one hand, we need teachers, but on the other hand we don't want to pay them well.
Einerseits finde ich sie ganz nett, andererseits kann sie manchmal nervig sein.
- On the one hand I find her quite nice, on the others hand she can be annoying sometimes.
You don’t always have to have “einerseits” in order to use “andererseits”.
It can be used as a normal adverbial coordinating conjunction.
This means that the subject is on the other side of the verb after “andererseits”.
For example:
Du hast vermutlich recht, andererseits könnte er einfach “hallo” sagen wollen.
- You are probably correct, on the other hand, he could just want to say “hello”.
You do have to have “andererseits”, however in order to use “einerseits”.
While “einerseits” can’t stand on its own, you can put “einerseits” or “andererseits”
in an adverbial position in the sentence and the conjunction still works.
For example:
Er wollte sich einerseits berühmt machen, andererseits hatte er sein Publikum sehr genervt.
- He wanted to make himself famous on the one hand, but he annoyed his audience a lot.
The combination of “einerseits” and “andererseits” is great for showing two sides to an argument.
Einerseits sollte er seine Hausaufgaben machen, andererseits sagen seine Eltern, dass er sein
Zimmer aufräumen sollte.
- On the one hand, he should do his homework, on the other hand his parents say that he
should clean his room.
If you want to say that sometimes an event goes this way, while other times it goes that
way, you need the word “mal” twice.
On its own “mal” generally translates as “once” or “sometimes”.
When you put it at the beginning of each clause, it pushes the subject to the other side of
the verb and shows a contrast between “sometimes this” and “sometimes that”.
For example:
Mal bist du der Vogel, mal der Wurm.
- Sometimes you are the bird, sometimes the worm.
Mal ist mein Sohn sehr süß und lustig, mal schreit er nur.
- Sometimes my son is very sweet and funny, other times he just screams.
Mal höre ich Rockmusik, mal höre ich Rapmusik.
- Sometimes I listen to rock music, sometimes I listen to rap music.
Along the same lines is “teils”.
This is another conjunction that simply repeats itself, but instead of “sometimes”, “teils”
means “partly” or “in part”.
Again, it is used like an adverb, meaning that it moves the subject to the other side
of the verb if you use it first, but it is also possible to move “teils” to the normal
adverb spot.
For example:
Teils war der Film interessant, teils war er langweilig.
- The film was partly interesting, partly it was boring.
Mein Frühstück besteht teils aus Cornflakes, teils aus Milch.
- My breakfast consists partly of cornflakes (cereal), partly of milk.
All of the conjunctions so far for today have been coordinating conjunctions, meaning that
they don’t change word order or adverbial conjunctions meaning they push the subject
to the other side of the verb.
The last few that I want to talk about today are subordinating conjunctions that are split
into two parts.
The first of these is by far the most common of them “je… desto”.
This is the weirdest one to translate for me, as in English it is simply “the… the”.
It is followed by the comparative form of some adjective or adverb.
If you don’t know what the comparative and superlative forms of adverbs are I have a
video about that linked in the description.
You can also probably figure out what I mean in these next few examples:
Je mehr ich esse, desto dicker werde ich.
- The more I eat, the fatter I become.
Je früher ich aufwache, desto mehr Arbeit kann ich erledigen.
- The earlier I wake up, the more work I can get done.
Je älter ich werde, desto weniger weiß ich.
- The older I get the less I know.
Notice that the verb goes after the comparative form in the second clause.
This is why “werde” is after “dicker”.
When a subordinating conjunction is used in the first clause, as “je” is in these
examples, the conjugated verbs are next to the comma in the middle of the sentence, but
since we have two parts to our conjunction this time, we have to put the conjunction
first, which has to be used with the comparative form after it.
So the word order is: first half of the subordinating conjunction (je), subject, whatever else is
in the sentence, conjugated verb, comma, second half of the subordinating conjunction (desto),
comparative form of an adverb or adjective, conjugated verb, subject, the rest of the
stuff in the sentence.
You can switch out “desto” with “umso” without any change in the meaning.
Je schneller ich fahre, umso höher ist die Möglichkeit einen Strafzettel zu bekommen.
- The faster I drive the higher the possibility of getting a ticket.
Ich mag Kekse.
Je größer umso besser.
- I like cookies.
The bigger the better.
Du musst mich von der Schule abholen.
Je eher, umso besser.
- You have to pick me up from school.
The sooner the better.
The last one on my list for today doesn’t really count in my opinion, as it is simply
a combination of a subordinating conjunction and a coordinating conjunction.
You saw me use it last week and didn’t even notice it.
This is “ob… oder”.
It is best translated as “whether… or”.
Here are a few examples with it.
Ich weiß nicht, ob der Hund einen Knochen im Garten vergraben hat oder ein Eichhörnchen
meine Pflanzen gefressen hat.
- I don't know if the dog buried a bone in the garden or if a squirrel ate my plants.
Er muss mir es erklären, ob er den roten oder gelben kaufen möchte.
- He has to explain it to me if he would like to buy the red or the yellow one.
That’s my list of two-part conjunctions in German.
Some are simple coordinating conjunctions that are split in two, which don’t affect
word order.
Others are adverbial conjunctions, that push the subject to the other side of the verb.
The last group are subordinating conjunctions that push the conjugated verb to the end of
the clause.
If you want to practice what you have learned here today, there is a worksheet available
for this and the other kinds of conjunctions on my website, germanwithantrim.com.
You can find that linked below.
Das ist alles für heute.
Danke fürs Zuschauen.
Bis zum nächsten Mal.
Tschüss.