Joseph Gurney Cannon (May 7, 1836 – November 12, 1926) was a United States politician from
Illinois and leader of the Republican Party.
Cannon served as Speaker of the United States House of Representatives from 1903 to 1911,
and many consider him to be the most dominant Speaker in United States history, with such
control over the House that he could often control debate.
Cannon is the second-longest continuously serving Republican Speaker in history, having
been surpassed by fellow Illinoisan Dennis Hastert, who passed him on June 1, 2006.
Cannon is also the longest serving Republican Representative ever, as well as first member
of Congress, of either party, ever to surpass 40 years of service (non-consecutive).
Cannon's congressional career spanned 46 years of cumulative service—a record that was
not broken until 1959.
Although technically the second-longest serving Republican member of Congress ever (behind
Strom Thurmond), he was the longest-serving Republican to never change his party affiliation
(as Thurmond switched from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party in 1964).
He is also the longest serving member ever of the House of Representatives in Illinois,
although the longest continuous service belongs to Adolph J. Sabath.
Cannon also has the distinction of being the subject of the first Time cover ever, dated
March 3, 1923.
== Early life == Cannon was born in Guilford County, North
Carolina, and in 1840 moved with his parents to Annapolis, Indiana, about 30 miles north
of Terre Haute.
He was the elder of two sons of Gulielma (née Hollingsworth) and Horace Franklin Cannon,
a country doctor.
Horace Cannon drowned on August 7, 1851 when Joseph was fifteen years old as he tried to
reach a sick patient by crossing Sugar Creek.
Young Cannon took charge of the family farm.
His brother William would become a successful banker and realtor.
Asked by Terre Haute politician and lawyer John Palmer Usher, future Secretary of the
Interior under President Abraham Lincoln, to testify in a slander case, Cannon became
fascinated with the law.
Eventually, he asked Usher if he could study law under him and moved to Terre Haute.
At age 19 he traveled to Cincinnati, Ohio to attend a semester of law school at the
University of Cincinnati law school.
In 1858, he was admitted to the bar and commenced practice in Terre Haute, Indiana but was disappointed
when Usher refused to offer him a place in his office.
That year he relocated to Tuscola, Illinois.
His choice of a new hometown was somewhat involuntary, taking place while he was travelling
from Shelbyville, Illinois, to Chicago to find more clients for his law firm.
During the trip, he ran out of money.
He boarded a Chicago-bound train in Mattoon, Illinois; after the train had started, he
was asked for his ticket.
As Cannon did not have a ticket, he was removed from the train in Tuscola.
There, he became State's attorney for the twenty-seventh judicial district of Illinois,
holding the position from March 1861 to December 1868.
He was one of the charter members of Tuscola's Masonic Lodge No. 332, which was founded on
October 2, 1860.In 1876 Cannon moved to Danville, Illinois, where he resided for the rest of
his life.
He and his wife Mary P. Reed, whom he married in 1862, had two daughters.
== Political career == He became a follower of Abraham Lincoln during
the Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858.
After Lincoln was elected President in 1860, Cannon received an appointment as a regional
prosecutor.
Cannon, a member of the Republican Party, was elected as to the United States House
of Representatives from Illinois to the Forty-second and to the eight succeeding Congresses (March
4, 1873 – March 4, 1891), and was the chairman of the Committee on Expenditures in the Post
Office Department (Forty-seventh Congress) and of the Committee on Appropriations (Fifty-first
Congress).
Cannon was an unsuccessful candidate for reelection in 1890 to the Fifty-second Congress, but
was elected to the Fifty-third and to the nine succeeding Congresses that sat between
1893 and 1913.
He attempted to gain the Speakership four times before succeeding.
His antic speaking style, diminutive stature and pugnacious manner were his trademarks.
The newspapers frequently lampooned him as a colorful rube.
"Uncle Joe", as he was known, often clashed with fellow Republican Theodore Roosevelt,
asserting that Roosevelt "has no more use for the Constitution than a tomcat has for
a marriage license".
Cannon was chairman to the Committee on Appropriations (Fifty-fourth through Fifty-seventh Congresses),
Committee on Rules (Fifty-eighth through Sixty-first Congresses), and Speaker of the House of Representatives
(Fifty-eighth through Sixty-first Congresses).
He received fifty-eight votes for the presidential nomination at the Republican National Convention
at Chicago in 1908.
=== Speaker of the House === Cannon wielded the office of Speaker with
unprecedented power.
At the time of Cannon's election the Speaker of the House concurrently held the chair of
the Rules Committee, which determined under what rules and restrictions bills could be
debated, amended, and voted on, and in some cases whether they would be allowed on the
floor at all.
As such, Cannon effectively controlled every aspect of the House's agenda: bills reached
the floor of the house only if Cannon approved of them, and then in whatever form he determined
— with Cannon himself deciding whether and to what extent the measures could be debated
and amended.
Cannon also reserved to himself the right to appoint not only the chairs of the various
House committees, but also all of the committees' members, and (despite the seniority system
that had begun to develop) used that power to appoint his allies and proteges to leadership
positions while punishing those who opposed his legislation.
Crucially, Cannon exercised these powers to maintain discipline within the ranks of his
own party: the Republicans were divided into the conservative "Old Guard," led by Cannon,
and the progressives, led by President Theodore Roosevelt.
His committee assignment privileges ensured that the party's Progressive element had little
influence in the House, and his control over the legislative process obstructed progressive
legislation.
==== Revolt ==== On March 17, 1910, after two failed attempts
to curb Cannon's absolute power in the House, Nebraska Representative George Norris led
a coalition of 42 progressive Republicans and the entire delegation of 149 Democrats
in a revolt.
With many of Cannon's most powerful allies absent from the Chamber, but enough Members
on hand for a quorum, Norris introduced a resolution that would remove the Speaker from
the Rules Committee and strip him of his power to assign committees.
While his lieutenants and the House sergeant-at-arms left the chamber to collect absent members
in an attempt to rally enough votes for Cannon, the Speaker's allies initiated a legislative
block in the form of a point of order debate.
When Cannon supporters proved difficult to find (many of the staunchest were Irish and
spent the day at various St. Patrick's Day celebrations), the filibuster continued for
26 hours, with Cannon's present friends making repeated motions for recess and adjournment.
When Cannon finally ruled the resolution out of order at noon on March 19, Norris appealed
the resolution to the full House, which voted to overrule Cannon, and then to adopt the
Norris resolution.
Cannon managed to save some face by promptly requesting a vote to remove him as Speaker,
which he won handily since the Republican majority would not risk a Democratic speaker
replacing him.
However, his iron rule of the House was broken, and Cannon lost the Speakership when the Democrats
won a majority later that same year.
=== Post-Speaker ===
Cannon was defeated in 1912 but returned in 1914 and was re-elected each congressional
election until 1920.
He was a critic of President Woodrow Wilson and U.S. entry into World War I. He was also
an outspoken critic of Wilson's League of Nations.
Cannon declined to run in the 1922 congressional election, and retired at the end of his last
term in 1923; he was featured on the cover of the first issue of Time magazine on the
last day of his last term in office.
== Personal life == Born a Quaker, he became a Methodist after
leaving Congress.
However, he may have been effectively a Methodist long before this.
After marrying Mary Reed in a Methodist service in 1862, a Quaker encouraged him to express
regret for this, to which Cannon replied, "If you mean that I am to get up in meeting
and say that I am sorry I married Mary, I won't do it.
I'm damned if I'm sorry and I'm damned if I will say I am."
Joseph Cannon died in his residence in Danville, Vermilion County, Illinois.
He had a weakened heart and also suffered from the general effects of old age.
Cannon died at noon on November 12, 1926 while in a deep sleep.
He was buried in Spring Hill Cemetery.
== Legacy == Cannon brought a federal Veterans Administration
Hospital to Danville; it continues to serve military veterans.
The first building of offices for congressmen outside of the United States Capitol building
was named after Cannon.
Cannon signed the Sixteenth Amendment which established Congress' right to impose a federal
income tax.
List of people on the cover of Time magazine (1920s), March 3, 1923
== See also == List of Republican National Conventions
1908 Republican National Convention United States presidential election, 1908