Now I'm going to talk about how to form the aorist tense in Turkish
the aorist tense is also known as the "geniş zamanو" the broad tense, and it has a whole range of
possible uses
you can use the aorist tense to express willingness or intention
You can use it to express a habitual
customary, repeated action, you can use it to make a guess or to hazard a prediction
you also can use it in many social contexts, you'll hear the aorist used in jokes in Turkish and Turkish stories and Turkish
proverbs and in many common idiomatic expressions even thank you
uses the aorist
or can use the aorist and
in the interrogative form which we'll cover in a separate video the aorist can be used to make polite requests
But for now, let's learn how to form affirmative statements in the aorist tense in Turkish
there
are
three...
we can categorize Turkish verbs broadly into three general categories
In terms of how will change them into the aorist tense
our first category are verbs that end in a vowel, who stems end in a vowel as
an example let's look at the Turkish verb "demek": to say
"-mek" is just the infinitive ending
So we'll remove that to get to the stem "de-" which as you can see ends in a vowel
For verbs like "demek" whose stems end in a vowel
We, to form aorist star simply going to add a "-r"
Directly to the end of the verb stem, so for "demek"
Will simply add, for "ben"
"d"
"r"
"der-" and then to this "-r"
we will add the appropriate personal suffix because we're saying this in the first person singular we
will look over here. We see that our personal suffixes are following the rules as usual
four-Way vowel Harmony, so
"derim"
"Ben derim" or simply, "derim": I habitually, or customarily say
is one possible meaning
moving on "sen": you singular informal
"dersin" - "Sen sersin"
"O der"
And we don't have a personal suffix that we need to add for the aorist
in the third person singular so
"der" simply "der": he or she habitually or customarily says, he or she is about to say
"Biz deriz"
"Siz dersiniz"
"Onlar der"
Or we have the option of adding
the appropriate plural suffix according to the rules of two-way vowel harmony this time so "derler," optional "ler"
All right, so that's how we will form the aorist tense
in verbs whose stems end
in a vowel
What about verbs who stems don't end in a vowel?
We'll split those into two categories with some exceptions which we'll talk about in a separate video
The first category that we're going to look at are
polysyllabic
verbs, so verbs whose stems not counting that "-mek/-mak" infinitive ending have more than one syllable as
An example, we'll look at "kullanmak" the verb meaning to use
Notice "kullan-" two syllables
polysyllabic
So we'll start again. Just as we did with "demek" we'll start with our verb stem
"kullan-"
Only this time we don't simply add a "-r"
Turkish as you know does not really like to see two consonants next to each other
that can be avoided
so we're going to add a vowel
between the verb stem and the "r." How are we going to know what vowel to choose? Well for polysyllabic
verbs, we're going to follow the rules of four-way vowel
harmony okay? Polysyllabic verbs, four-way vowel harmony, so for "kullanmak"
We look at this "a" and the rules are four-way vowel harmony tell us
we'll choose "-r" of our four possible options so "kullanır"
All right
now
just as we did before we'll add the appropriate personal suffix
According to the rules of four-way vowel harmony so "kullanırım"
I customarily or habitually use, I'm going to use
Can carry a variety of meanings, but this is how we form it: "Ben kullanırım"
"Sen kullanırsın"
"O kullanır" and we can stop there for third person singular
"Biz kullanırız"
"Siz kullanırsınız"
and finally "Onlar kullanır"
With the option of adding, according to the rules of two-way vowel harmony, this plural suffix, in this case
"kullanırlar"
If we choose to use it
Now on to our third category
We've seen that for verbs that who stems end in a vowel
we add this simple "-r" for polysyllabic verbs
ending in a consonant
we add
one of these suffixes
one of these aorist suffixes according to the rules of four-way vowel harmony, but for
monosyllabic verb stems ending in a consonant, in other words, verb stems that end in a consonant
but are only one syllable long. We're going to do something slightly different
we're going to add a vowel and then a "-r" still
but this time we're going to add that vowel according to the rules of two-way vowel harmony
Let's take a look
Hmm, so
According to the rules of two-way vowel harmony we'll have the choice of adding either "-ar" or "-er," as an example
let's look at the Turkish verb "açmak": to open
"açmak"
Ok you can see "aç-"
Is only one syllable long, it ends in a consonant
so
we'll use two-way vowel harmony to pick the right vowel: "açar"
okay, so "Ben açar"
and now
same set of personal suffixes and the personal suffixes continue to follow the same vowel harmony rules as before so "ben açarım"
Wait, notice: two-way harmony, four-way vowel harmony: "açarım"
"I habitually open, I am going to open" can carry broad range of meanings
"Sen açarsın"
"O açar"
"Biz açarız"
"Siz açarasınız"
And finally "Onlar açar"
or
optional "Onlar açarlar"
Those are the basic rules
to form the "geniş zaman" or aorist tense for almost every verb in Turkish
There are a few exceptions. Thirteen, to be precise and we'll look at those in another video.