- [Voiceover] If you look at the top of the screen,
you'll see that I've drawn you these two diagrams
and if you'll notice, they're actually
a little bit different in terms of which valves
are open and which valves are closed.
These are great diagrams to demonstrate
systole and diastole.
What I first want to do is remind you
of the heart sounds, which are S1 and S2.
If you remember, between S1 and S2 we have systole,
and then between S2 and S1
we have diastole.
We'll finish that over here just to kind of remind you
that this is a cycle between systole,
diastole, systole, diastole.
In this diagram right here,
there heart happens to be in systole.
You can kind of notice the relationship
between S1 here and systole.
If you remember, the heart sounds
are actually caused by the closing of valves,
and so the mitral and the tricuspid
have actually just closed,
and then when the aortic and pulmonic,
labeled A and P here, open,
that'll start systole.
Now, in diastole, in this diagram,
we kind of have the opposite situation.
Now, the aortic and pulmonic valves are closed,
but the mitral and the tricuspid, labeled M and T,
are now open.
So if you remember, S2 is caused by the closing
of the aortic and the pulmonic,
and so that'll occur just before
the mitral and tricuspid open, as seen here.
When those valves open, you're in diastole.
I want to give you this logical algorithm
to figure out what's going on
in a patient with a murmur.
The first question that you want to ask yourself
is, is there a murmur?
If the answer to this is yes,
then we move on with more questions.
If there is a murmur, the next question is
when does that murmur occur?
So when?
And the obvious answer to that would be,
well, it's when I listen to the patient's chest
with my stethoscope, but we need to get
a little more specific.
Is it in systole
or is it in diastole?
How do we figure that out?
A good method for this is to actually
use S1 and S2, because remember, we showed
at the top of the diagram, up here where my cursor is,
that systole is between S1 and S2.
What if the patient's heartbeat is really fast,
and it's kind of hard to tell which one is S1 and S2?
Then you can use something like the radial artery.
You can take a radial pulse on the patient
and every time you feel their artery
tapping up against your finger,
that corresponds to systole,
or the ejection phase of the heart.
What's closest to that beginning of systole?
Well, S1 is closest,
so you'll know that the sound that you hear
right when you feel the pulse tap your finger,
should be S1.
Now if you determine that this is in systole,
the next question is going to be
what valves are normally open during systole,
and what valves are normally closed?
Let's go ahead and answer those questions.
In systole ...
and you can use the diagram above ...
what valves are normally open?
Well, the aortic is normally open,
the pulmonic is normally open,
and the other two are closed.
So that kind of answers this question.
What's normally closed?
The mitral and the tricuspid.
Since stenosis is an opening problem
and the only valves that are open during systole
are the A and P, or the aortic and pulmonic,
that means these two valves,
in order to give you a systolic murmur,
would be stenotic.
We'll write stenosis here because you would have
aortic or pulmonic stenosis.
On the other hand, the only valves that would be closed
during systole would be the mitral or tricuspid,
and so since regurgitation is a closing problem
for the valve, this would be regurgitation.
Just to reiterate, this means that if we have
a systolic murmur, we have one of four choices
based on which valves are open and closed.
The same thing can happen in diastole,
and we'll ask ourselves the same questions.
Which valves are open during diastole?
If you look at the correct diagram at the top of the page,
the mitral and the tricuspid are open here.
Which valves are closed?
The aortic and the pulmonic are closed during diastole.
For the same reasons that we just described before,
since stenosis is an opening problem,
that means that here you would have
mitral or tricuspid stenosis,
and here you would have aortic
or pulmonic regurgitation.
You may be thinking, okay, well now we have
four possible choices.
How do I figure out which murmur it actually is?
Let me scroll down here
and give myself a little more space.
The next step is to really consider location.
If you've ever been to the doctor,
and you've watched them while they listen to your heart,
they usually put the stethoscope
in at least four different places.
If you look over here, I've drawn a sternum,
and some of the ribs that go with the sternum
to give you an idea for where to listen
with the stethoscope.
One of these locations is in this second intercostal space,
meaning the second space in between ribs,
and this is called the aortic area.
Other people will also say
the right upper sternal border,
and that's kind of pretty self-explanatory.
This is the right side of the patient,
so right side, left side,
and this would be the right upper sternal border.
Another location is, again, in the second
intercostal space, but now it's on the left side.
This is the pulmonic area.
This is also known as the left upper sternal border.
The third place where you usually listen is here,
and so this is the fourth intercostal space,
and this is called the tricuspid area.
Finally, if you haven't realized,
we're pretty much giving each valve its own area,
so the last one is the mitral area.
This is in the fifth intercostal space,
but you'll notice it's a little more to the side
of the other ones, or lateral to the other ones.
The anatomic description of that would be
the fifth intercostal space in the midclavicular line,
meaning if you drew a line from the midpoint
of your clavicle, or your collarbone,
down you body in a longitudinal fashion,
so straight up and down,
that it would intersect with this point
at the fifth intercostal space.
What I want to do is quickly take you through
an example of this algorithm
to see that this can actually be
pretty logical and easy.
Take a second and listen to this murmur.
(whoosh-thump, whoosh-thump, whoosh-thump,
whoosh-thump, whoosh-thump, whoosh-thump)
If you're having trouble hearing this on just your computer,
go ahead and plug in your headphones
and it'll make the sound a lot better.
The first question is, is there a murmur?
Well, duh, we just heard it.
Now, is it in systole or diastole?
Let me replay you that murmur again,
but a little bit slower.
(whoosh-thump, whoosh-thump,
whoosh-thump, whoosh-thump)
Now you'll realize that you actually hear S1
and S2, and then in the middle
you kind of have all this stuff,
or this blowing sound.
What can we say from that?
We know that systole is between S1 and S2,
so this is a systolic murmur.
Now, with our knowledge of what's open and what's closed,
we have choices between aortic and pulmonic stenosis,
and mitral and tricuspid regurgitation.
Now, if I told you that you actually heard
this murmur in the mitral area,
that pretty much gives it away.
This murmur was that
of mitral regurgitation.
There are other ways of confirming
or identifying which specific murmur it is,
such as the shape and intensity of the sound
and other features, but those are a little more advanced.