The oldest pyramid on our planet and a unique ancient book that differs not only in its
shape! Where did the Italian language come from in Rome and where is the most mysterious pyramid in
Egypt? Check out this video for all this and more! Hi, friend. You are on the KirTop channel.
Tomb of a warlord in Egypt Excavations were carried out near
the Giza plateau in the archaeological area of ​​Abu Sir. Czech archaeologists have unearthed
a tomb that turned out to belong to a powerful Egyptian commander who lived 2,500 years ago.
Four months before the discovery of the tomb, archaeologists discovered an embalming cache for
Wah-Ib-Ra commander Mary Neith. The researchers suggested that the tomb itself should be located
somewhere nearby. And they were right. The tomb was indeed nearby, and it belonged (like the cache
itself) to a high-ranking person - the "commander of foreign soldiers" named Wah-Ib-Ra Mary Neith.
The military leader served during the period of the end of the 26th beginning of the 27th-1st
dynasties. This position at that time was ambiguous, since the troops led by Wah-Ib-Ra Neit
consisted entirely of mercenaries. This is confirmed by the fact that in Egypt,
in internecine wars, were already used soldiers "from outside".
The main well of the found tomb was six meters deep, and the size of the tomb itself was about
18x18 meters. The burial well consists of several parts, the lintels between
which are carved into the rock. Inside the main well there is another one - smaller
and deeper. It was used as the main burial place. The outer sarcophagus was made of two huge blocks
of white limestone, and the inner one was made of basalt stone carved in the shape of a human body
with texts from the Book of the Dead inscribed on it. But the second sarcophagus, to the surprise
and disappointment of scientists, turned out to be broken and completely empty. They found
only an amulet in the form of a scarab beetle. The tomb was looted during late antiquity and
two ceramic vessels were found in it, which were dated to the 4th-5th centuries AD. There was no
mummy in the grave, and some items for burial were missing, which were usually located on the
western and eastern sides of the sarcophagus. The very fact of finding a hiding place for
embalming and a tomb, gave archaeologists the opportunity to learn something about
the life of a commander of troubled times. A close examination of the tomb suggests
that it was not quite finished, perhaps the death of Va-Ib-Ra Mary Neith was unexpected.
Mosaic depicting the 12 labors of Hercules
During excavations in the ancient city of Siedra in the Alanya region, about 164 square meters
of floor mosaics depicting the 12 exploits of the mythological hero Hercules were discovered.
The remains of the ancient city of Syedra are located near Alanya, the most famous
tourist center of Turkey. The ancient city is located 20 km east of the city center.
The mosaic depicts very well preserved scenes called "12 exploits of Hercules".
The figures are human-sized. In this sense, we have before us a unique object of antiquity.
Well-preserved mythological scenes add value to the work.
The floor mosaic is 7.9 meters wide and 22 meters long, believed to have been
made in the 2nd century AD and covers an area of ​​about 164 square meters.
Where did the Italian language come from in Rome
Today, Latin is more of a "dead" language than a commonly used one. And in great Rome
they spoke exactly it. Today it is used only at the service in the Roman Catholic Church.
The word "Latin" comes from the name of the historical region - Latium. This is the region
where the future Romans lived and then in the 1st millennium BC, the local tribe was called
the Latins. Rome was the capital of the region, and when the Latins successfully defeated their
neighbors and brought them into one whole, the new state became known as the Roman
Empire. But the language remained tribal - Latin. Roman influence spread, and with it the Latin
language. In the imperial provinces, Latin underwent changes and the so-called "folk
Latin" appeared - a colloquial form of the language. The native Latins called it the
language of the plebeians, but already in the 2nd century AD sermo vulgaris became the main
one and gradually replaced the classic version. The whole group of modern Romance languages
​​(the countries of Western Europe) was formed on the basis of precisely that very popular Latin.
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in Italy, difficult times came. In almost every
corner of the ex-empire, its own dialect of popular Latin began to be created.
The same thing happened in the Apennines. Sicilian, Neapolitan, Lombard and others.
The dialects were similar, just as the Belarusian, Russian and Ukrainian languages ​​are similar,
but it was no longer Latin. There was no political integrity, there was no common denominator.
Italian began to emerge in the 14th century. This was due to the general cultural flourishing,
with the works of Boccaccio, Dante and Petrarch. They were all from Florence and they wrote in
the Florentine (Tuscan) language. Their work became very popular in Italy and therefore
the Tuscan language became canonical. And when Italy was united in the 19th century,
literary Tuscan became the official language. This is how the Italian we know appeared.
Prehistoric Artist's Trail Archaeologists from Moscow State University
have discovered a path of a prehistoric artist in the Kapova Cave. About 19,000-17,000 years ago,
he walked through the Hall of Chaos and marked his route with small strokes and drops of red paint.
Similar finds had previously been made only at a few monuments of
Paleolithic art in France and Spain. In the Burzyansky district of the Republic of
Bashkortostan, on the right bank of the Belaya River, there is the Kapova Cave (Shulgan-Tash),
which is a multi-level karst cavity. Back in 1959, archaeologists discovered wall
paintings left by Paleolithic artists in it. Radiocarbon analysis has shown that people
visited this cave around 19,500–16,000 years ago. Exploration of the Kapova Cave continues today. In
addition to new images, archaeologists have found so-called treasures in this sanctuary, which are
accumulations of powdered pigment of different colors - from black and yellow to deep red. The
excavations also yielded numerous finds, among which were hearths, stone and bone tools, a clay
fat lamp, decorations made from tusks and shells of molluscs, as well as osteological materials.
In the largest hall (Hall of Chaos) of Kapova Cave, archaeologists found a route marked
with small spots and smears of red paint. It passed through almost the entire hall - from
the panel "Horses and Signs" with a drawing of a camel to the figure of a zooanthropomorph.
In addition to the spilled paint, archaeologists found a fine powder not yet diluted with water
for its manufacture. In addition, among the finds were deliberately painted red stones.
The most mysterious pyramid in Egypt
This nondescript pyramid is perhaps one of the most mysterious objects in Egypt.
We are talking about the so-called Layered Pyramid or Pyramid of Khaba. It is located
just a few kilometers from the well-known pyramids of Giza. And if the flow of tourists does not stop
to the latter, then it will not be possible to approach the puff pyramid. Suddenly, in 1964,
a large area around it was declared a military zone and a military base was located there. Any
research in this area is prohibited. The strangest thing is that even world-famous archaeologists are
denied the study of this mysterious structure. The British Egyptologist John Perring first
mentioned the Layer Pyramid in 1839. The pyramid had a square base with a side length of 84 meters.
Structurally, this is a stepped pyramid, like, for example, the famous Josser pyramid. However,
the upper part was destroyed and only two steps remained,
the height of which is 17 meters. Based on the proportions of the steps, there were 5 of them
and the height of the pyramid was 42-45 meters. In 1885, Gaston Maspero tried to find the entrance
to it, but did not find it. He looked for it from the north side, as in all the Great Pyramids,
but it was not there at all. It was not until 1900 that the archaeologist Alexander Barsanti
discovered the true entrance from the east side of the pyramid. He got inside and was the
first to inspect the underground structures under the pyramid, which turned out to be
empty. No burial, no afterlife offerings, no colorful frescoes or wall paintings - nothing.
In 1905, an interesting incident occurred, thanks to which Alexander Barsanti suggested
that there were still unknown rooms under the room with a stone mine. A heavy downpour began.
Water through an open vertical shaft began to quickly flood the interior under the pyramid.
For some time the water level remained in one place, and then suddenly it dropped
sharply and settled at the same level. It was estimated that about 380 cubic meters of
water went somewhere. Barsanti suggested that the water found a gap and flooded some unknown rooms,
where, perhaps, the real tomb is located. But it was not possible to verify this. The First World
War began, and then Barsanti died. For many years, the research was completely forgotten, and then
all access to the pyramid was suddenly restricted. Now scientists believe that the pharaoh died too
early and they simply did not have time to complete the pyramid and it was abandoned.
Ancient book "six in one" Technology has gone so far that we do
not consider it a great achievement when a device the size of one paper book can contain hundreds,
if not thousands of different texts. But humanity in the 21st century did not come up with the idea
to combine several books into one. Medieval book historian Eric Kwakkel points out, for example,
the "dos-à-dos" (back to back) binding that existed in the 16th and 17th centuries,
which made books "similar to Siamese twins in that they were two different entities,
connected to each other." A 16th-century book containing at least six different books in a
single binding. “These are all religious texts printed in Germany in the 1550s and 1570s,
and each of them closes with its own tiny clasp.”
Four or five centuries ago, such a book would no doubt have made the same or even greater
impression on its readers than the most modern portable consumer electronics impresses us today.
But when the internet discovered Kwakkel's post, it became clear that this six-in-one
religious device fascinates us almost as much as a brand new, never-before-seen digital device.
“Given that in the Middle Ages the literacy rate ranged from 5 to 10 percent of the population,
only a select few from the upper strata of society and religious castes used books. So
who would want six stories held together by one multi-hinged cover like this one?
Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten
Behind the mysterious name Akhenaten hides a unique historical figure, who has the status
of almost a deity. We are talking about the notorious pharaoh-reformer Amenhotep IV,
better known as Akhenaten, or, in translation, pleasing the god Aten. Reigning during the 18th
Dynasty, the Egyptian ruler is best known for his commitment to religious and philosophical reforms,
which he implemented during his reign. In violation of the cults and beliefs that
existed before that time, he ordered the name of the previous supreme god Amon-Ra to be erased from
all scriptures and declared the remaining deities non-existent. He proclaimed the God of the Sun
or Aten the only and supreme. In honor of him, he changes his name to Akhenaten. The
revolution does not end there. The pharaoh founds the new capital of Egypt, Akhetaten,
and the city is also named after a single deity. Speaking about the family, Akhenaten is known not
only as the father of Tutankhamun, but also as the husband of Queen Nefertiti,
popular for her unearthly beauty. She is famous not only for her appearance, but also for the
fact that she ruled Egypt as a pharaoh, which was extremely rare for women of that time.
Akhenaten differed from other pharaohs both in his reformist thinking and in his unusual
appearance. He was rather thin, small, with a strongly elongated face and an elongated skull.
It was because of the appearance of his head that many rumors and speculation spread, among which
was the theory that he was an alien, and not an ordinary representative of the human race.
Nefertiti was also depicted with an unusually elongated skull. Some historians attribute this
to the alleged application of the method of artificially lengthening the skulls.
Of course, there is also the idea that the depiction of Akhenaten's appearance
is exaggerated and unrealistic. On the other hand, some studies suggest
that the pharaoh suffered from genetic diseases that affected his appearance.
It has even been argued that these bodily ailments have something to do with the female
form of Akhenaten's body - a wide pelvis with fatty deposits, a stomach and a large chest.
The death of Akhenaten and Nefertiti is also the subject of controversy,
theories and conjecture. The official tombs of both were found empty. Others are said to have
been found, and there is also speculation that one of the bodies found during the excavations,
is Akhenaten's. However, there is no categorical statement about the causes of death and burial.
And what do you think, was Akhenaten an alien, or is it fiction, for the deification of this person?
Ancient belt book The belt book is a small
volume that can be plugged into a belt. The book has a knot, which is part of the
leather cover, which allows you to hold the book on your belt. Why was the knot at the
bottom of the leather continuation of the cover? This is due to the fact that the book was hung
upside down so that the owner could take it and read it at any time, without having to remove
the book from his belt. Belt books were very common in Germany and Holland during the 15th
and first half of the 16th centuries. The book with the photo was made in 1508. And in 1589,
an outer leather cover with a knot was attached to it, thus turning it into a belt.
The oldest pyramid in the world The Gunung Padang Pyramid,
located on the Indonesian island of Java, is considered one of the oldest megalithic structures
in the world. No one knew how many thousands of years old it was until recent archaeological
excavations. But the excavations turned out to be extremely controversial and scandalous.
It is no secret that there are ancient relics at the top of Gunung Padang. However, until
very recently, no one guessed that the base of the complex is a very ancient pyramid, which may
have been built by several civilizations. It was perfectly camouflaged and did not stand out from
the surrounding rock formations. In 2013, Danny Hillman, a geologist by main occupation, began
excavations. With the blessing and active support of Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.
The Indonesian government organized a whole operation, which received the patriotic name
"Red and White Glory". The delicate task of excavating an ancient pyramid involved 500
untrained volunteers. Naturally, this barbarity aroused the indignation of local scientists.
In order to get as much done as possible in a short time, Hilman enlisted Indonesian soldiers
to work, who took up hacks and began to chop the eastern and western foot of Gunung Padang.
Soldiers ruthlessly crushed artifacts of many thousands of years ago.
It turned out that in the course of the work, Hilman's wards removed the found poles without
photographing them and without documenting their position. Retrieving the discovered objects,
they did not always fix exactly where they were. It looked very strange,
At least because Hillman initially spoke about the construction of Gunung Padang by
representatives of three different civilizations. Excavators hid the discovered artifacts,
including coins, ceramics and metal products. The coins that were found at the Gunung
Padang pyramid were dated to around 5200 BC. It is enough to look into any encyclopedia
to understand what an anachronism this looks like. The oldest products of this
type that have come down to us were minted in the middle of the first millennium BC.
The geologist stated that the age of the upper layer of Gunung Padang found by him is about
3,500 years, the middle - 8,000, and the lower - from 9,000 to 28,000 years. Hillman suggested
that the pyramid was used as a place of worship. The ancient inhabitants of Java performed rituals
at its top, and at the base they equipped many chambers of an incomprehensible purpose.
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