The State Security Service, also known as the Department of State Services, is the primary
domestic intelligence agency of Nigeria.
It is primarily responsible for intelligence gathering within the country and for the protection
of senior government officials, particularly the President and state governors.
It is one of three successor organisations to the National Security Organization, dissolved
in 1986.
The SSS operates as a department within the presidency and is under the control of the
National Security Adviser.
Directors General of the SSS Origins
Fulfilling one of the promises made in his first national address as president, Ibrahim
Babangida in June 1986 issued Decree Number 19, dissolving the National Security Organization
and restructuring Nigeria's security services into three separate entities under the Office
of the Co-ordinator of National Security.
The State Security Service was made responsible for domestic intelligence, with Director General
Ismaila Gwarzo and Deputy Director Lt. Col. A.K.
Togun.
The National Intelligence Agency handled external intelligence and counterintelligence.
The Defence Intelligence Agency was responsible for military-related intelligence outside
and inside Nigeria.
The first headquarters of the agency was located at 15, Awolowo road, Ikoyi in Lagos; this
site currently houses the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission.
The SSS headquarters was finally moved to Abuja during the regime of General Sani Abacha,
the headquarters complex is informally known as the "Yellow House", it is located on the
northern edge of the three-arms zone on Aso drive in Maitama, Abuja.
Its present Director General is Mr Ita Ekpeyong who took over from the exiting Director General
Colonel Afakriya Gadzama in September 2010.
Mandate The mission of the SSS is to protect and defend
the Federal Republic of Nigeria against domestic threats, to uphold and enforce the criminal
laws of Nigeria, and to provide leadership and criminal justice services to both federal
and state law-enforcement organs.
The SSS is also charged with the protection of the President, Vice President, Senate President,
Speaker of the House of Representatives, State Governors, their immediate families, other
high ranking government officials, past presidents and their spouses, certain candidates for
the offices of President and Vice President, and visiting foreign heads of state and government.
The SSS has constantly adapted to various roles necessitated by evolving security threats
in Nigeria including counter-terrorism and counter-insurgent.
Successes, Failures and Fatalities The SSS has been reasonably successful in
performing its primary internal security responsibility.
The agency in its early day was credited with the arrest of the Egyptian bomber Omar Mohammed
Ali Rezaq in 1993 while he was trying to enter Nigeria through the Nigeria-Benin republic
border.
Rezaq was wanted by the United States for leading the bombing of an EgyptAir plane for
the Abu Nidal group in 1985 he was subsequently rendered to the United States after an official
request was received from the State Department.
In October 2010, the SSS intercepted a large cache of arms and ammunition originating from
Iran at the Apapa port in lagos; this in spite of a UN arms embargo on Iran.
The arms which included artillery rockets, shells and mortars were concealed in thirteen
containers falsely declared as "building materials", it was alleged that Nigeria was being used
as a transhipment destination while Gambia was the final destination for the arms.
The agency has also been reported to have infiltrated a number of religious extremist
groups in the country including the Boko Haram sect.
On September 2001, six Pakistani proselyters invited by the Lagos based Tabliq, a Muslim
NGO were arrested in Benue State on suspicion of immigration violations and they were subsequently
deported on November 18.
According to wikileaks, Mr. Kayode Are, the "...SSS Director General expressed concern
regarding the funding for the organization, which came through wire transfers from sources
in Pakistan, India and Malaysia.
.". Also according to wikileaks, in 2009 another itinerant preacher was arrested in Taraba
state and was also deported.
The SSS has also recorded some successes in combating kidnapping in Nigeria with the arrest
of some kidnappers and the rescue of their victims.
In October 2011, the agency rescued the Parish Priest of St Bernard’s Catholic Church Eguaholo
in Orhionmwon local government area of Edo state, Rev. Fr Sylvester Chukwura, from his
kidnapper's hideout.
The kidnappers were baited with the ransom sum and were subsequently ambushed by SSS
operatives.
In the same time frame, the SSS also arrested another kidnapper in Edo state known as Binebi
Sibete, who was described as a notorious kidnapper and killer.
Binebi was wanted amongst other things for killing an SSS operative in 2010 and also
burning down the state government patrol boat at Gelegele.
The SSS has been criticised for allowing Umar Farouk Abdul Mutallab, the "underpants bomber",
to board Northwest airlines flight from Lagos despite his father having previously warned
security officials of his sons radical views on America.
In its defence, the SSS said it was not informed by Mr. Mutallab's father of his sons alleged
radical beliefs, the agency said that Mr. Mutallab's father had actually spoken with
officials at the United States Embassy in Abuja and also sought the help of a past Nigerian
National Security Adviser.
The SSS held that the American authorities did not share the information that Mr. Mutallab
senior had given them and the former National Security Adviser had also not contacted the
agency hence their inability to act on information they did not possess.
The agency was also criticized heavily in the wake of the August 26, 2011 United Nations
House bombing in Abuja.
The Boko Haram Islamist sect which has ties to Al-Qaeda Organization in the Islamic Maghreb
claimed responsibility for the car bomb attack that left 24 people dead; the sect had been
fighting an Islamic insurgency that started as a result of their leader being killed by
policemen after he had been arrested.
The Nigerian public grew even more critical of the agency after newspapers ran stories
in which they claimed that the agency had received intelligence about the bombing beforehand
from the Americans.
This news item later turned out to be false when it was revealed that it was the SSS who
had actually received credible intelligence from sources within Boko Haram about an impending
attack in Abuja.
The intelligence pointed out key government buildings and ministries as targets, the agency
subsequently raised the alert level in Abuja and also advised diplomatic missions an international
organizations in the city to take adequate security precautions for their staff and premises.
The final UN report on the incident indicted the UN resident Security adviser in Abuja
and his deputy, they were accused of negligence considering the fact that they had been given
"adequate intelligence on a possible suicide attack", yet they failed to implement suitable
safeguards.
Both men were subsequently relieved of their positions.
In early November 2011, the Nigerian press ran stories alleging that the United States
government had issued a travel advisory on Nigeria.
The travel advisory according to the papers included the threat of bomb attacks at major
hotels in Abuja frequented by expatriates.
The story immediately generated panic among the populace and accusations of incompetence
made against the security agencies, the SSS inclusive.
The story also alleged that the American ambassador had given a statement explaining that the
US had given the warning directly because the Nigerian security agencies had failed
to act on previous intelligence shared with them.
In the end, the situation was only brought under control when the National Security Adviser,
Gen. Owoye Andrew Azazi demanded evidence that the Americans had indeed given such a
warning or that the American Ambassador had actually said what had been attributed to
him in the press.
The story turned out to be false, the threat to hotels was actually an intelligence analysis
of possible threats made by the SSS some months earlier which was circulated in government
circles.
The SSS had failed to manage information in a timely and proper fashion which had led
to the public losing confidence in the organisation.
The agency has lost a number of operatives in the line of duty, while fatalities are
not generally publicised some cases do get a mention in the media.
During Nigeria's 50th anniversary celebrations in Abuja on 1 October 2010, a car bomb killed
an Assistant Director of the agency and Mr Tahir Zakari Biu an Economic and Financial
Crimes Commission operative while they were trying to remove abandoned vehicles from a
roadside a few kilometres from the venue of the celebrations.
The Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta claimed responsibility for the attack.
The SSS was able to trace the registration of the car used in the attack and subsequently
arrested suspects in Lagos, the mastermind of the operation Mr. Henry Okah was arrested
by the South African authorities and put on trial in South Africa on terrorism charges.
On April 13, 2007 a Security Protection Officer working in the close protection detail of
Mr. Onyema Ugochukwu, the People's Democratic Party 2007 governorship candidate for Abia
state was shot in an assassination attempt on his principal.
The bodyguard was shot in the head and in his hand.
In February 2013, the SSS broke up a terrorist cell led by Iranian handlers that was gathering
intelligence for future attacks on American and Israeli targets in the country.
Controversy Although the notorious NSO was dissolved,
the new security establishment in 1990 continued to act arbitrarily and with impunity.
The government proscribed radical interest groups like NANS and the Academic Staff Union
of Universities, the central body of all university professors and lecturers.
Several innocent citizens were subjected to physical assault without government reparations.
Human rights remained substantially circumscribed.
Decree Number 2 remained in place, and numerous citizens had been incarcerated under it, although
the allowable period of detention without charge was reduced from six months to six
weeks in January 1990.
With the aid of this and other decrees that restricted freedom, usually promulgated retrospectively,
such radical and outspoken critics of the government as Gani Fawehinmi, Tai Solarin,
and Balarabe Musa were regularly detained.
Despite having annulled Decree Number 4, the government had several brushes with media
organizations.
In 1988 Newswatch was proscribed for six months, and journalists, academics, and civil rights
activists continued to be harassed by state security agents.
Government security forces frequently harass, arrested, and detain editors and reporters
from journals critical of the regime.
On 4 November 1997 Aoetokunbo Fakeye, defense correspondent for The News, was arrested.
On 8 November, Jenkins Alumona, editor of The News, was arrested by SSS agents at a
Lagos television station.
On 9 November, Onome Osifo-Whiskey, managing editor of Tell magazine, was arrested by SSS
agents in Lagos while driving to church with his children.
On 29 October, Osifo-Whiskey had warned that the magazine had received a written death
threat, which listed the names of 27 staff members.
On 16 November, SSS agents arrested Babafemi Ojudu, editor of the News/Tempo.
Rafiu Salau, an administration editor for the News/Tempo, was also arrested in mid-November.
Former chairman of the editorial board of the daily The Guardian and a visiting professor
of journalism at a US university, Olatunji Dare, was detained overnight and his passport
seized upon his arrival from the United States on 2 June 1997.
He was told to report to the DSS to retrieve his passport.
After being interrogated on 17 June by SSS officials about his activities abroad, his
passport was then returned.
The SSS has also been accused of repressing the political activities of opposition groups.
Public meetings are arbitrarily canceled or prevented, including cultural events, academic
conferences, and human rights meetings.
On 25 September 1997, police and SSS agents broke up a Human Rights Africa seminar for
students in Jos, arrested HARA director Tunji Abayomi and 4 others, and briefly detained
some 70 students.
Abayomi and the others were held for 10 days and then released on bail.
A 1 May 1998 workshop on conflict management in Port Harcourt was canceled when the SSS
warned local coordinators that such a meeting could not be held on Workers Day, a local
holiday.
Similar workshops elsewhere proceeded unimpeded despite the holiday.
Weapons and Equipment As of 2010, the standard issue assault rifles
used by SSS Combat Operatives/Security Protection Officers are the IMI Tavor Tar-21 assault
rifle produced by Israeli Military Industries and the FN P90 personal protection weapon,
FN F2000 assault rifle, both manufactured by FN Herstal; these rifles replace the Uzi
as the primary assault weapon of the SSS.
Operatives also use various side arms and pistols from a number of manufacturers including
Beretta, Glock, and Browning.
The agency has also deployed van mounted backscatter X-ray screeners from Basix Technologies for
detecting Improvised Explosive Devices due to an upsurge in bombing incidents arising
from an Islamist insurgency in the north east of Nigeria.
In this counter terrorism role, the agency also uses mobile IED jammers for VIP protection
in public spaces like stadiums and in a mobile configuration for use in convoys.
Due to the disproportionately large GSM mobile phone subscriber base in Nigeria and the use
of cellphones as the principal means of communication by kidnappers and terrorists, the agency has
had to develop telephone call intercept -Lawful interception-cabaility.
IMSI number catchers and signal direction finders have been deployed for intercepting
and tracking GSM and satellite phone communications.
The agency maintains a fleet of armoured limousines and SUVs that are used to ferry the President,
Vice president and visiting dignitaries.
See also National Intelligence Agency - Responsible
for Foreign intelligence and counterintelligence operations
Defence Intelligence Agency - Responsible for military intelligence.
National Security Organization - Precursor of the State Security Service and the National
Intelligence Agency References
Some material for this article was derived from the Nigeria Country Report on Human Rights
Practices for 1997, U.S. Department of State Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor,
January 30, 1998.
External links RSF/Reporters Without Borders Summary on State
Security Service Nigeria: NIA: 20 Years of Service
Nigeria: The National Intelligence Agency At Twenty - A Tribute