Question: Why are there only 11 dimensions in the universe rather than something higher?
(Submitted by John Menon)
Michio Kaku: I work in something called String Theory, that’s what I do for a living. In
fact, that’s my day job. I’m the co-founder of String Field Theory, one of the main branches
of String Theory. The latest version of String Theory is called M-Theory, “M” for membrane.
So we now realize that strings can coexist with membranes. So the subatomic particles
we see in nature, the quartz, the electrons are nothing but musical notes on a tiny vibrating
string.
What is physics? Physics is nothing but the laws of harmony that you can write on vibrating
strings. What is chemistry? Chemistry is nothing but the melodies you can play on interacting
vibrating strings. What is the universe? The universe is a symphony of vibrating strings.
And then what is the mind of God that Albert Einstein eloquently wrote about for the last
30 years of his life? We now, for the first time in history have a candidate for the mind
of God. It is, cosmic music resonating through 11 dimensional hyperspace.
So first of all, we are nothing but melodies. We are nothing but cosmic music played out
on vibrating strings and membranes. Obeying the laws of physics, which is nothing but
the laws of harmony of vibrating strings. But why 11? It turns out that if you write
a theory in 15, 17, 18 dimensions, the theory is unstable. It has what are called, anomalies.
It has singularities. It turns out that mathematics alone prefers the universe being 11 dimensions.
Now some people have toyed with 12 dimensions. At Harvard University, for example, some of
the physicists there have shown that a 12-dimensional theory actually looks very similar to an 11-dimensional
theory except it has two times, double times rather than one single time parameter. Now,
what would it be like to live in a universe with double time? Well, I remember a movie
with David Niven. David Niven played a pilot, who was shot down over the Pacific, but the
angels made a mistake, he was not supposed to die that day. And so the angels brought
him back to life and said, “Oh, sorry about that. We killed you off by accident; you were
not supposed to die today.”
So in a great scene, David Niven then walks through a city where time has stopped. Everyone
looks like this. And there’s David Niven just wandering around looking at all these
people. That’s a world with double time. David Niven has one clock, but everyone else
has a separate clock and these two clocks are perpendicular to each other. So if there’s
a double time universe, you could walk right into a room, see people frozen in time, while
you beat to a different clock. That’s a double time universe.
Now this is called F-Theory, “F” for father, the father of strings. It’s not known whether
F-Theory will survive or not; however, M-Theory in 11 dimension is the mother of all strings.
And that theory works perfectly fine. So to answer your question, in other dimensions,
dimensions beyond 11, we have problems with stability, these theories are unstable, they
decay back down to 11 dimensions, they have what are called anomalies, singularities,
which kill an ordinary theory. So the mathematics itself forces you to 11 dimensions.
Also because this is a Theory of Everything, there’s more room in higher dimensions to
put all the forces together. When you put gravity, electromagnetism and the nuclear
force together, four dimensions is not big enough to accommodate all these forces. When
you expand to 11 dimensions, bingo, everything forms perfectly well.