[Music]
today we're here in queens cliff and
we're going through the basics of
masonry design as there's some amazing
masonry structures here in queensland
that allow you to understand both
historical masonry and traditional
masonry and give you some great examples
on what you need to consider in your
designs in any masonry structure
[Music]
and quincus has this fort that has this
amazing brick external facade to it that
allows you to understand some of the
basics that you need to carefully
consider so as we can see master
instructors are built in layers and
courses and the way you lay the bricks
will be dependent on what type of
structure you're building and we can see
here at this wall they've got a number
of different courses so we've got our
typical stretcher block that you'll see
in most modern builds today and even in
historical builds where you've got your
one block here and but typically you'll
see another block here overlaying on the
joint so they're keying in but in this
building we can see that we've got our
stretcher block and then we've got a
header course what a header cost does it
goes into the brick wall tying one or
multiple layers together creating a
stiffer structure especially in fences
so we can see we've got our stretch of
course head of course stretch of course
and head of course another key element
we can see here is we've got brick piers
so brick piers are typically in walls
sometimes if you need to stiffen up for
height but most commonly done in fences
as it's done here so the pier is
actually bigger so if we walk across we
can see we've got our traditional fence
in between that's thinner and then we go
across to another pier that's
essentially bigger so what it allows you
to do is create a stiffer structure
sometimes you can also reinforce the
centers of them so you'll have your pier
which will be the main spanning element
for the height and you'll have typical
wall in between it that will span
between the piers bricks are also made
up of two different types so you either
have articulated masonry or
non-articulated masonry the articulated
masonry is the typical one that you see
i'll have joints at certain centers
there's two reasons potentially why you
articulate your masonry versus not one
of the biggest ones is your footing
designs
as we can see here on this fort this is
a non-articulated message structure so
we've got this big footing system here
which is made out of blue stone
the reason why they're made of the blue
stone is because of the weight it's
heavy so it won't move very much they're
also bigger so it helps you span across
it also when talking about footings it's
highly dependent on the materials
underneath as we've known for footing
designs soils can be different levels of
reactivity so in a highly reactive soil
you're more likely to go for your
articulated measurement as there will be
a lot of movement as you'll need a
stiffer footing system where if you're
sitting on rock or sand you may be more
beneficial to go for your
non-articulated masonry as you do not
need that stiffer footing design i'd
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so in traditional designs if you're
doing a non-articulated design your
footing system needs to be a lot heavier
because it can't allow for that movement
this will also determine if you've got
lentils or headers you need to make sure
the lentils are stiffer as a
non-articulated measuring structure only
has a limited amount of deflection
tolerance that it allows for now the
reasons why you choose one over the
other the first one is that footing
system the second one is temperature as
a brick wall will expand like any
material over at temperatures we've got
a wall that's about 30 meters long with
a differential temperature of around 40
degrees that wall will expand up to 13
millimeters which is quite a lot of
movement that the brick wall needs to
accommodate so if you've got a really
long wall you will need to make sure
you've got articulation joints or allow
for some movement as the wall will
potentially crack under those expansions
but in our modern articulating masonry
we can see that we've got a lot more
articulation joints as the footings are
moving and the lentils are moving you
need to make sure you're locating your
articulation joints in the right
locations
and this building here we can see the
perfect example between articulated
masonry and non-articular mastering at
the start of the town hall we've got
articulated mouse and we can see this
through the beautiful location of these
joints above these openings but if we
walk back towards this way we can see
the original building which is a
non-articulated mastery with beautiful
arches and we can see through
maintaining perfect footings
and good detailing they haven't seen
much cracking in the side of this
structure
typically you'll need to locate them
over either an opening either on one
side or both depending on how long the
opening is you also need to locate them
roughly at about six meter centres as
you need to make sure you're making
those grids roughly square
similar to what you would do in concrete
and also corners are really stiff so you
need to make sure you've got your first
articulation joint within about four
metres of any corner a couple of key
things when you're doing articulated
masonry design is locating those
articulation joints because they will
either be determined whether your
structure is going to crack or not
message structures also need to
accommodate for lentils and headers so
if we look up here we've got a couple of
arches in here which they're really
utilizing the benefits of brickwork see
brickwork much like concrete is only
really good under compression forces and
the arches that we can see here really
emphasize the benefits of this as the
arch we've got here at the lower level
which is the pointed arch and at the
higher level we've got a flat arch and
they're both working in the same way so
the pointed arch it's quite easy to see
how that's working as all the bricks are
pitched on a certain level it's forcing
the load down the arches and compressing
that location so any of the flexural
forces or tension forces that would be
typically in the bottom of that lentil
are overcome by the gravity force
but the flat arch also acts in the same
way as we can see the bricks are pitched
so as the gravity comes down it's
creating a thrust forced at the bottom
so you just need to make sure that
you've got enough gravity down to
overcome any tension forces in the
bottom of that arch so we can see
another form of an arch structure here
and we can see with our row arch here
where it's got a number of different
courses and essentially built in rows up
to the central point which is the
keystone so to build this they would
potentially have temporary supports
underneath here building up the rows of
brickwork over the top then lastly
putting in the keystone that will lock
everything into place
we've looked at the structure here we
can see quite a beautiful example of a
traditional method of masonry structures
and we can see it's quite beautiful with
all its arches acting the way that
maximum wants to act whether you're
looking over the windows with the
keystones or between the pillars we can
see if it's built and detailed correctly
it can lead to quite a beautiful design
there's also a number of ways of how
most new structures can be built
sometimes you can have it as a masonry
vineyard which is more our typical build
where you've got the mace around the
outside it's only really acting as a
cladding to the building and then you'll
either have steel or timber on the
inside to form up the main load-bearing
element or if we look at this ford
these walls are definitely load-bearing
this is a load-bearing masonry design
where you need to be a little bit more
careful with your design as it will be
taking vertical loads any good matrix
design needs to consider the dimensions
of any brick as you would need a cup
bricks it's really wasteful to design so
if we look at our traditional brickwork
that we can see here
we can really determine the dimensions
of the bricks so we've got a 230 long
brick across here it's 90 high and it's
one tech 10 thick so you can see that
from our brick here the dimensions of
the brick now if we move along we can
see that because of this building moving
in
it didn't quite line up they had to cut
several bricks to be able to lay out
this brickwork so this means there's a
lot more work to cut the bricks where if
you've made it slightly smaller they may
not need to have done this making it a
more efficient design now when you're
designing masonry there's also different
dimensions of brickwork so if you're
doing concrete bricks they will come
with different dimensions so when you're
trying to lay out the length of your
wall trying to maintain in those unit
lengths the construction of a brick wall
is made up of a number of different
segments so we've got our traditional
bricks here now bricks also come in two
different types so we've got our clay
bricks here which is the more every
common one but they also come in
concrete and they also have different
properties so you want to try and make
sure you're not mismatching different
types of brickwork
but if we're looking here
whether we're using clay or concrete
they still have a similar feature as
you've got your clay brick here and you
also have your mortar so a building is
built up of different elements when
you're doing your masonry design you've
got your brick and then but you'll
always have your mortar so your mortar
is essentially joining the bricks
together to allowing for that interlock
and making sure they're laying correctly
as not every brick is exactly the same
so you need to have some tolerance
another key thing you need to worry
about in mastery design is how bricks
actually perform
one of the key elements is the failure
of bricks is a brittle failure so it's
like a concrete structure without the
reinforcement in it we can see that
through this joint here so there's been
somewhat restrained by the corner and
the piers forcing a crack through this
location so saying you need to be
carefully considered when detailing your
structures making sure you're not
causing any of those restraints or if
you are putting in articulation joints
another key thing about any masonry
design whether it's that block or that
clay brick that we see here is the fact
that they're porous that allow water to
flow through them so on modern
structures you'll typically see a damp
coarse membrane at the bottom that allow
the water to flow out but if you have
any timber or steel up against them you
need to make sure you designed it for
that external use so you either need to
galvanize it to protect it for long term
or have the appropriate timber in these
locations another key thing about any
masonry design is the fact that you need
to span over openings as a wall would be
a typically a high wall that will span
between it and you need to allow for
either headers or lentils over the top
into the brickworks you'll either have
an angle or a t section in a double
brick wall where the angle will be cast
into it spanning over the opening and
into the course and you won't see it as
it'll be in behind or the t is
essentially doing the same thing hidden
inside the course of brickwork
in masonry new veneer this will
potentially be a pfc so the pfc will be
cast into the brickwork
with a shelf plate on the bottom
supporting the brickwork over so if you
need to span further it may either be
steel or concrete so you may have a big
steel beam that you may see exposed or
sometimes you'll see that concrete
section spanning over the opening now
we've talked about the arches before the
archers are also doing that work but
they're doing it more efficiently but as
you can see they make up more space
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be possible as always stay safe keep
learning and i'll see you next week