Why is it difficult to identify fascism?
Well the first, the main reason I think, is that it’s bad news.
And with bad news, with inconvenient truths the natural response is denial, right?
The most famous form of denial related to inconvenient truth was the report of the Club
of Rome in 1972 limits to the growth, which was the first scientific report to make clear
for the whole world that an ongoing economic growth in a industrial society will have devastating
consequences for the planet.
And the denial was enormous for decades.
Now the denial is no longer possible and, you know, governments try to do what they
do, and Greenpeace and other organizations—But imagine how the world, how the planet would
have looked like if at that time people would have realized yes, it’s an inconvenient
truth but they are right.
We wasted time.
So the first part and to say look, the return of fascism is an inconvenient truth.
The second thing is… it’s very embarrassing, you know.
After World War II, especially in my part of the world where fascism came from, Europe,
at our commemoration day we will say, “never again”.
That’s what we said all the time: “Never again.”
And so the whole idea that this terrible, terrible thing of fascism could be back was,
you know, out of the question.
The third element is the phenomenon of we do not know our history anymore.
There is a kind of political amnesia.
And so we are, we have forgotten some extremely important warnings which the warnings did
not come from the political scientists.
The warnings came from important artists.
Novelists like Albert Camus and Thomas Mann, two great artists who lived through the era
of fascism.
And in 1947, independent of each other, said “Don’t make the mistake.
World War II is over but fascism did not disappear.”
Camus even wrote a very important novel about it, La Peste, The Plague, trying to explain
“Look, this phenomenon of fascism is there to stay because it’s the dark side of every
democracy.
In every democracy it is possible that at the very moment the spirit of democracy is
gone then you’ll get a society (which we now call a mass society) which is no longer
cultivating the high ideals of a democracy, but you get the kind of society which is dominated
by our lowest instincts – greed, fear, resentment, hatred, propaganda, stupidity.
And that’s where the demagogues and the populists will move in and they will present
their own version of fascism.
But we don’t recognize it, again because the idea is – well we know fascism is a
bad thing, but in our, you know, media, Hollywood-oriented visual culture...
look, in a visual culture, evil has to be very visible.
Look at Batman, right?
Batman, handsome guy.
And who’s the evil guy?
The Joker, and you immediately see that is an evil man, right?
And James Bond, you immediately recognize who are the good guys and who are the bad
guys.
So we think that if there’s evil in our society you have to be able to immediately
see it, right?
And so when it comes to fascism probably we’ll have swastikas and black uniforms and silly
gestures.
Now of course on the fringe there are always those lunatics who like to present themselves
“Oh we are fascist” or “we are Nazis” or whatever.
That’s the fringe.
We can ignore, I mean, those idiots are always there.
But the fascism in our time will present itself in forms of our time.
So we have to look at the characteristics because the characteristics will be the same.
You and I—everybody who looks at this—will be different next year and five years from
now, okay, because of time.
At the same time we’re still the same, because our characteristics are still the same.
And so what are the characteristics of a fascist culture?
In a fascist culture you’ll always have, and again, you know, the terrible examples
of Mussolini, Franco and Hitler—they tell us: The fascist leader will always come forward
in a time of crisis.
He—most of the time it’s a he—will present himself as the anti-political leader who will
cure society of all social evils.
A kind of new messiah.
It's a cult figure.
It will always be a form of extreme nationalism, you know, to “make the country great again”.
That’s a very old phrase every fascist will use.
Deprived of any positive idea, not even interested in it, because those fascist leaders are completely
obsessed by self-interest.
It’s all about them, them, them, them—them and nothing else.
They know they have to use all kinds of propaganda to captivate and brainwash and manipulate
people.
Again this is also an old story.
I mean interestingly—enough the focuses of Sigmund Freud—Mr. Bernays, came here
to American in the twenties and he wrote a small essay which is still available, entitled
Propaganda.
And Bernays became the godfather of marketing and he became also very rich because he was
one of those people who at that time managed to make women smoke.
And he also could use the techniques of his uncle Sigmund Freud.
But anyway in his essay Propaganda he in a very honest way said look, of course America
is a democracy and Washington was the president and the congress.
He said, “but beyond that is an invisible government.
And that’s us.
Because we can control the mind of the people by marketing, by propaganda, by advertisement,
a whole commercial culture is like this, right?”
So interestingly enough when the Nazis came to power in the thirties he got in touch with
the White House and said look, you know, I know those people.
Not personally but I know that Goebbels because I know their techniques.
Probably I can help you because we will have the war of propaganda.
So anyway, propaganda.
The other thing is all fascists will be and have to be: pathological liars.
It will always be lies, lies, lies, lies, lies.
And a very telling example is that one of my intellectual heroes, Thomas Mann, who came
to America in 1938, in 1948 he gave a lecture in L.A. And he said at that time, “if fascism
should come to America it will come in the name of freedom.”
And interesting enough so many of those fascist parties are parties for freedom including
my country, the Netherlands, is the Party for Freedom.
Of course this is a lie.
(Unintelligible) Okay, so there was this thing of and the demand of complete loyalty.
Then because the crisis is there so we always are in need of a scapegoat.
The Jews or the Mexicans or the black people or people from Poland or wherever.
They always are in need of a scapegoat.
They are always in need of new enemies.
And so the thing is that fascism is a political expression of our lowest human instincts.
And with a leader who knows how to use it, you’ll get a very corrosive process in your
democracy.
What we should never forget – two things about this.
We should never forget that Hitler could come into power through a democratic process.
It was a democratic process.
And even more telling than that: he lost the popular vote.
He had 11 million votes, and 22 million voters did not vote for him.
But the political parties, the power elite at that time thought well, you know, we can
use the guy, we can control him.
We give him this responsibility then people will understand what kind of failure he is,
et cetera, et cetera, et cetera, so many things as we’re seeing here right now.
And then there is this terrible blind spot.
So even one of the great heroes of the twentieth century, Winston Churchill, on February 1933
– so Hitler was already in power.
He gave a speech for the League Against Socialism—because as a real conservative, for Churchill, socialism
was one of the terrible things and he immediately related it to Bolshevism, et cetera.
In this lecture he gave there he says, he says quote-unquote, “In Italy it was Mussolini.
Mussolini is the Italian genius of law and his fascism might be the strategy for our
future.”
Churchill in 1933.
I mean it took him even a couple of more years to realize what the connection is between
Mussolini and Hitler.
So if even if Churchill, you know, can make this mistake, and he was not the only one—I
mean even Freud in the thirties dedicated one of his books to Mussolini.
And with a whole line up of hundreds of intellectuals who wanted to see Mussolini.
He wasn’t only a politician but he also was a poet, he wrote plays, et cetera, et
cetera, et cetera.
So anyway fascism always comes with a huge temptation.
This is also the reason why so many intellectuals and so many artists on the one hand they could
go off to Stalin and, you know, Stalin is the new messiah.
But they also felt, you know, temptation to fascism.
So if you put all these things together we realize that again in moments of crisis when
people are losing trust in their own political system—which is happening—when the democratic
spirit is going out a new anti-democratic spirit will come in.
And if we have bad luck—and we are now having a lot of bad luck in Europe, and here—and
here the risk is a leader with a fascist mindset.