This video has been made possible by Skillshare a country that has geological
jewels and culture it is the birthplace of one of the oldest religions and is
rising rapidly to become a world force in trade and commerce from ancient
monuments and lavish palaces from great wealth to poverty a country that has
witnessed a turbulent history of war famine and extremes of weather this is
the history of India in the 5th and 6th century AD there lived a man by the name
of Aryabhatta often considered a genius of its time his mathematical prowess
deciphered the volume of pie he described a model of the solar system
and even has a spacecraft named after him he was a man of skill and knowledge
when he considered he obviously had no access to a calculator or computer if
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months absolutely free in the region surrounded the Indus
Valley River a civilization emerged the Indus Valley otherwise known as the
harappa civilization archaeologists have discovered over 1500 sites the largest
cities being mohenjo-daro and Harappa these cities at urban planning elaborate
baked brick buildings and sanitation systems they conducted trade with the
Sumerian civilizations of Mesopotamia and had a writing system that remains
undeciphered archaeologists have uncovered that this great civilization
housed urban planning and commercial enterprise
but it slowly fell into decline and ultimately disappeared after the Indus
Valley cities were abandoned there was a migration of indo-aryans
into the Indian subcontinent these migrants were known to introduce the
ancient religious texts known as the Vedas which were to define religious
truth for Hindus the Vedic period flourished from 1500 BC to 500 BC it was
also around this time that the caste system was developed the caste system
which was a class system determined by birth created a hierarchy of Brahmins or
priests kshatriyas or warriors and kings next came the Viashyas or skilled
workers and merchants and then finally the sutras or Labour's farmers and
unskilled workers towards the end of this period the Aryans spread from the
Punjab region to the Ganges River where several kingdoms formed the Nanda Empire
subjugated the surrounding kingdoms but would soon be overthrown by Chandra
Gupta after his conquests Chandra Gupta encountered Seleucus a general of
Alexander the Great who had established an empire for herself a peace treaty was
signed within marriage between the royal families and
the gift of 500 elephants Chandra Gupta's grandson Ashoka expanded the
Mauryan Empire and waged a great war against the state of Kalinga killing a
hundred thousand soldiers on both sides following his conquest Ashoka became a
devout follower of the Buddha's teachings for the rest of his 36 year
reign Ashoka took a vow of non-violence and spread Buddhism throughout his realm
however fifty years after his death the subcontinent fractured into multiple
kingdoms once more meanwhile the south of India was controlled by the Tamil
kings who reigned over three states disagreements were rife and war was
frequently waged against each other where they excelled in trade it was
between the 4th and 5th century AD that India was widely acknowledged to have
entered a golden age with the rise of the Gupta Empire a period of invention
and discovery in science technology engineering mathematics astronomy art
and literature was born all these fields saw an explosion of understanding and
knowledge and set the mark of the world to follow it is also believed the game
chess was invented in this period following the collapse of the Gupta
Empire there followed centuries of multiple kingdoms and dynasties that
rose and ultimately fell however in the tenth century King Rajaraja was
successful in uniting the southern kingdoms under one leadership the chola
empire under this king expanded further and though one of the largest Hindu
temples within India dedicated to the god Shiva this Empire with a centralised
government created unique architecture and boasted naval skills that spread
their influence throughout Southeast Asia it was in the 11th century that the
Ghazvanid of Turkic Mameluke origin over on the North Indian Plains using
Swift horse cavalry and vast armies united by
ethnicity and religion eventually the Muslim army broke up and led to the
establishment of the Islamic Delhi Sultanate it was the beginning of an
Indo Muslim fusion of cultures the Sultanate was to control much of
northern India and would make incursions into South India and they successfully
repelled the Mongol invasions however internal instability and Hindu
reconquest resulted in the decline of the Sultanate and new Muslims alternates
splintered from the Empire India and the Roman Empire had liaised of each other
since as early as 30 BC this connection was mainly through merchants and trade
however with the collapse of the Roman Empire contact between India and Europe
was all but lost during the 15th century Portugal dedicated to shipbuilding and
exploration sent explorers to sail down the coast of Africa Vasco da Gama
subsequently discovered a new sea route to India he met with the Zamorin of
Calicut who granted permission to trade following successful trade
expeditions the Portuguese soon set up trading posts in Goa Calicut Colombo
Cochin Bombay and many more largely through conquest and diplomacy as
trading posts and thoughts expanded disagreements were rife between the
Portuguese and then hustling rivals the Mughals who were an Islamic empire had
successfully campaigned to dominate India Muhammad Babur was the founder of
the Mughal Empire and was himself a descendant of Emperor Timur and Genghis
Khan his grandson Akbar the Great endeavoured to establish good relation
with all religious groups throughout his empire and withdrew the cheesy attacks
for non-Muslims under aquas rule the Empire tripled in
size and wealth libraries and schools were built across the Empire for both
Muslims and Hindus he appreciated the arts and culture and cultivated them
throughout his empire assuring in the Mughal style of architecture which
combined elements of Islamic Persian and Hindu design the reign of Shah Jahan was
the Golden Age of Mughal architecture perhaps the most profound and lasting
monument was the Taj Mahal which still attracts millions of tourists every year
in the early 18th century the Mughal Empire sank into chaos and violent feuds
weakened by tension between the Hindu population and the Muslim ruling class
as well as invasions by the Afghans and other Indian rulers the Maratha Empire
capitalised on the struggling Mughals and expanded further and became the
dominant power in the region meanwhile the Portuguese Dutch Danish French and
English had gradually established several forts and trading posts along
the Indian coast line the English East India Company was founded in 1600 but
gathered greater power within India because of a private army and an
imposing Navy who gradually overwhelmed their European competitors in 1757 the
East India Company under the leadership of Robert Clive won victory against the
now up of Bengal which consolidated the company's power Robert Clive amassed a
personal fortune but his actions and atrocities led to the deaths of millions
of people as he enforced the cultivation of non-food crops which resulted in
extreme famine in 1760 the company and asserted control over a vast quantity of
the subcontinent to direct control or tributaries they continued to expand
over the following decades they encountered resistance from the Sikhs
who had established an empire in the Punjab region after the death of a Sikh
leader the Empire was weakened by internal division which enabled the
British to conquer them following their Anglo-Sikh Wars the East
India Company managed to rule India due to large naval vessels the introduction
of steam trains and the use of more advanced weapons the British population
was nowhere near the same size as India so the British employed Indian infantry
thoughts their boys who were under the command of British officers the set boys
were not treated well receiving low pay and weren't forced to fight abroad this
fueled frustrations Butler further upsets when the British band child
marriage and outlawed slavery which were part of an Indian culture at the time a
rebellion began when they're supposed were issued with ammunition coated in
pig and beef fat which they refused to use and deeply offended them and they
amongst others mutiny rebellion and mutiny failed largely because there was
little shared identity between Indians and in 1857 the British crown took
direct rule of India with Queen Victoria being declared Empress of India in 1876
during World War one over a million Indians saw combat on the western front
the Mesopotamian campaign East Africa Egypt and Gallipoli claiming the lives
of 75,000 people shortly after the end of World War one Gandhi amongst other
leaders led Indians to challenge the British for independence and during
World War two he called for the British to quit India however during World War
Two as part of the Allied nations over two and a half million Indians
volunteered to fight in 1947 Britain granted independence British India was
partitioned into a Hindu majority India and a Muslim majority Pakistan this
period also saw one of the largest mass migrations ever recorded in modern
history with a total of around 15 million Hindus Sikhs and
Muslims moving between the newly created nations in India and Pakistan in 1971
East Pakistan was formed into the country of Bangladesh and to this day
tensions between Pakistan and India remain tense today India is the world's
largest democracy with a rapidly growing economy science and technology
achievements are both ancient and modern the Indian Space Research Organisation
are currently sending mission to the moon and beyond and are arguably one of
the best countries in space exploration the Indian film industry of Bollywood is
one of the world's largest cricket has long been a passion for many Indians
India is also the birthplace of Hinduism and many follow its practices throughout
the world India Today and her out history has a varied past it is the
seventh largest country by area and the second largest country by population it
cannot be denied that India today as much to offer the world in the decades
cup I hope you have enjoyed this episode and thank you for watching remember to
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