what's going on everyone let's take a look at the human genome project
we touched on this in the last video that i made about bgi group let's go and take a look at what
this is all about so the human genome project was an international scientific research project with
the goal of determining the base pairs that make up human dna and of identifying and mapping all of
the genes of the human genome from both a physical and a functional standpoint it remains the world's
largest collaborative biological project planning started after the idea was picked up in 1984
by the u.s government the project formally launched in 1990 and was declared complete
on april 14 2003 level complete genome was achieved and that's right may of this year
funding came from the american government through the national institutes of health or the nih
as well as numerous other groups from around the world a parallel project was conducted outside the
government by the celiac corporation or celerio genomics which was formally launched in 1998.
most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in the 20 universities and research
centers in the united states the united kingdom japan france germany india and china now in may
1985 robert steinscheimer organized a workshop at the university of california santa cruz to discuss
sequencing the human genome but for a number of reasons the nih was uninterested in pursuing the
proposal the following march the santa fe workshop was organized by charles d'alessi
and david smith of the department energy's office and health of environmental research or
oher at the same time renato del becco proposed whole genome sequencing in an essay in science
james watson followed two months later with a workshop held at the cold spring harbor laboratory
thus the idea for obtaining a reference sequence had three independent origins
sinchimer dulbecco and de lisi with de lisi ultimately being the one whose actions launched
the project so let's take a look at these three real quick we have robert l sunshine
and he served as chairman of caltech's division of biology for nine years from 1968 to 1977 and
later became chancellor of the university of california at santa cruz he joins caltech
falcati as a professor of biophysics in 1957 and continues his work on isolating the virus phi x
174 work with arthur kornberg of stanford on in vitro synthesis of dna he receives his california
scientist of the year award in 1968 and is elected that year to the national academy of sciences
next we have dulbecco who was born in catsonaro southern italy but spent his childhood and grew
up in ligura or liguria the coastal city imperia he graduated from high school at 16 then moved to
the university of turin despite a strong interest in mathematics and physics he decided to study
medicine in 1936 he was called up for military service as a medical officer and later in 1938
was discharged after the war he resumed his work at levi's laboratory but soon he moved together
with levi montelcini to the us where at indian indiana university he worked with salvador lyria
on bacteriophages now as many italian scientists dulbecco did not actually have a phd because it
was non-existent in the italian higher education system until it was introduced later in 1980
now we have delesi we have charles peter d'alessi born december 9 1941 he's an american
biomedical scientist and the metcalf professor of science and engineering at boston university
in 1986 as director of the u.s department of energy's doe health and environmental research
programs delesi and his advisors proposed planned and defended before the white house office of
management and budget and the congress the human genome project the proposal created a storm of
controversy but received strong support from alvin triplepiece who was head of the doe's office
of science and william flynn martin the deputy secretary of energy in the spring of 1987 shortly
before leaving the doe d'alessi established an ethical studies component of the project
the goal was to set aside 3.5 or 3-5 percent of the funding in order to
engage the best minds in the humanities and social sciences to develop a body of thought
that would inform decisions about the development and deployment
of the radically new technologies destined to emerge from the completion of the project
in addition to the medical and scientific advances engendered by the human genome project
it and its pre progency or progeny have had a profound effect on the sociology and culture
of cell biology the computer science community in particular moved with extraordinary dexterity
into cell biology transforming the field and creating a record of discovery destined to provide
material for a remarkable story in the sociology of late 20th and early 21st century science
the project was not able to sequence all of the dna found in human cells it was sequenced only
euchromatic regions of the genome which make up 92.1 percent of the human genome the other regions
called heterochromatic are found in centromeres and telomeres and were not sequenced under the
project now the human genome project was declared complete in april of 2003 an initial rough draft
of the human genome was available in june 2000 and by february 2001 a working draft had
been completed and published following the final sequencing mapping of the human genome on april 14
2003 in march 2009 the genome reference consortium consortium released a more accurate version of the
human genome but that still left more than 300 gaps while 160 such gaps remain in 2015.
though in may 2020 the grc reported 79 unresolved gaps accounting for as much as 5 of the human
genome so by this point in time they had already mapped out 95 of the human genome
months later the application of new long-range sequencing techniques and a homozygous cell
line in which both copies of each chromosome are identical led to the first telomere to telomere
truly complete sequence of a human chromosome the x chromosome in 2021 that's you know this year it
was reported that the telomere to telomere t2t consortium had filled in all of the gaps thus
there came into existence a complete human genome with almost no gaps but it still had
five gaps in ribosomal dna in may of this year not long ago those last five rdna gaps were found
found and published as version 1.1 this sequence does not contain the y chromosome which causes the
embryo to become male because only duplicated male sperm with x chromosome was present
about 0.3 percent of this sequence proved difficult to check for quality and thus contains
errors which are being fixed likely still to this day so what now along with the identifying of all
approximately twenty thousand to twenty five thousand genes in the human genome
estimated at between eighty thousand one hundred forty thousand at the start of the project
the human genome project also sought to address the ethical legal and social issues that were
created by the onset of the project for that the ethical legal and social implications or elsi
program was founded in 1990. five percent of the annual budget was allocated to address the elsi
arising from the project this budget started at approximately 1.57 million in the year 1990 but
increased to approximately 18 million in the year 2014. while as the project may offer significant
benefits to medicine and scientific research some authors have emphasized the need to address
the potential social consequences of mapping the human genome so they're about to finish
again they have less than a percent to go and then they will have a legit human genome with no errors
so i just wanted to give you some backstory on that and i'll continue on here in a little bit