Proteins are made of a long chain of amino acids which is being coded for by DNA.
The order of the basis of DNA determines which protein is made by coding for a specific order of amino acids.
This is protein synthesis
and in this video, we're going to look at how it works.
You may want to watch our ‘what is DNA’ video first to remind yourself all about DNA.
A set of three bases in the DNA molecule codes for a particular amino acid.
GGT for example codes for the amino acid called Glycine.
The 3 base codes are known as codons. So GGT is a “codon” for Glycine.
So there are twenty amino acids that make up our body’s proteins. Nine of these we need to take in through our diet as our body cannot manufacture them.
These are known as essential amino acids. Our body can however manufacture non-essential amino acids.
Whilst 20 amino acids build up proteins, there are actually many others that do not form proteins, possibly over 250.
They may form sugar for example.
Before we start, you need to know what RNA is - so you may want to watch our ‘what is RNA’ video first.
So let's now look at how proteins are actually synthesized.
The DNA is in the nucleus and cannot move, but the ribosomes in the cytoplasm are where the proteins are made.
This means the code from the DNA needs to be copied and carried across to the ribosome
by a molecule called messenger RNA or mRNA before the protein can be made.
Let’s have a look at how this all works.
In the nucleus, the enzyme RNA polymerase unwinds and unzips the two strands of DNA that contain the protein-making gene.
Only one of these strands is going to be replicated.
Complementary RNA nucleotides base pair with the chosen strand.
RNA polymerase also then binds the RNA nucleotides together making a new RNA strand.
This is called messenger RNA or mRNA.
And this whole process inside the nucleus is called transcription.
The mRNA then travels from the cell nucleus and out into the cytoplasm, until it reaches and attaches to a ribosome.
The ribosome then sticks amino acids together to make a polypeptide chain,
following the order of amino acids as coded for, by the mRNA.
Three base codons on the mRNA code for one amino acid.
And this whole process in the ribosome is called translation.
So let’s look at translation in a little more detail.
What is actually happening inside the ribosome.
Transfer RNA or tRNA molecules, carrying specific amino acids,
base pair with the mRNA inside the ribosome.
So the tRNA brings in the amino acids and the mRNA provides the information
of the exact order that the amino acids need to be bonded together
to ensure that the correct protein is made.
As more and more tRNA's match up with the mRNA, the amino acid chain becomes longer and longer.
And eventually the polypeptide chain will form into the protein.
So there we have protein synthesis.
Inside the nucleus, the DNA molecule is unzipped from around the gene by DNA polymerase.
The DNA is then replicated and mRNA is formed in the process of transcription.
The mRNA has traveled out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, where it binds with a ribosome.
In the ribosome, the nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is translated by the tRNA
which carry the related amino acids.
The polypeptide chain is formed, and will eventually fold into the required protein.
So there is protein synthesis.