The learning objectives of this section
are to provide an understanding of the
world demand for lubricants the
principal refining technique for the
manufacture of lubricant bay stocks a
main advantages and disadvantages the
general composition of crude oils and
its significance for derived lubricant
base oils have a pleasant lesson crude
oil from different geographical
locations can be substantially in
chemical composition conflict
only the properties of various croods
for example volatility viscosity censor
content also vary widely
although lubricant base oils in theory
may be manufactured from any crude oil
technical and economic considerations
saver use of certain closely specified
crude oils for this purpose
the constitution of the crude oil
greatly influences the properties of the
refined you become face oil this is
notably with respect to the base oil
response to additive treatment and the
performance of the finish lubricant in
evaluation tests the properties of the
base oil may be modified within certain
limits during processing severely hydro
processed oils and less influence i
crewed by origin and solvent refined
oils do the conversion of all and
desirable compounds to acceptable
components such severely hydro processed
oils are however generally more
dependent on edited treatment to achieve
satisfactory chemical stability and base
oils refined by solvent extraction
mineral oils are basically complex
mixtures of hydrocarbons that is
composed of carbon and hydrogen atoms
joined together in various molecular
configurations crude oils also contain
small amounts of salsa and nitrogen
compounds in addition to traces of an
ADM nikkor IM and other vessels
lubricant base oils generally exhibit
boiling points above 300 degrees celsius
and a composed of hydrocarbons
containing between 2250 carbon actions
per molecule crude oil
are roughly classified as follows
paraffinic containing significant
amounts of waxy hydrocarbons that little
or no I'll take material and aesthetic
containing assaulted material in the
least volatile fractions that little or
no wax mixed space containing both waxy
and assaulted materia before principal
molecular structures present mineral
oils are straight-chain hydrocarbons
such as normal paraffins or n-alkanes
displayed good chemical stability high
viscosity index and hype or points
branch chains hydrocarbons such as I
sopara sins or iso alkanes possess high
chemical stability and high viscosity
and is's but also exhibit advantageous
lilo poor points cyclic hydrocarbons
such as cycle para sins or not scenes
possess good chemical stability and lo
poor points but only moderate viscosity
in disease aromatic hydrocarbons
featuring the M saturated six-membered
carbon ring display poor chemical
stability low-viscosity indices and
moderate poor points in practice the
composition of a mineral oil it
extremely complex the larger molecules
usually including two or more of the
above molecular structures joined
together in an infinite variety of
configurations
the manufacturer of lubricant base
stocks it performed by atmospheric
distillation of the crude oil two
separate fuel components such as master
kerosene and gas oil from the lubricant
factions contained the so-called long
residue vacuum distillation of a long
residue from the atmospheric
distillation producing mutual pistillate
factions and short residue vacuum
distillation is used to avoid thermal
cracking of the long residue various
refining processes are finally applied
to leave lubricant factions to remove
and desirable constituents such as
mutant wax and aromatics and complete
the specified requirements the two
principal refining processes today are
solvent extraction and hi Joe catalytic
root both processes reduce the aromatics
content thereby increasing viscosity
index and chemical stability a third
process called the hybrid process is a
combination of the two mentioned
let us summarize the main topics of this
lessens technical and economic
considerations say the use of certain
closely specified crude oils from
different geographical locations for
base oil manufacturing crude oils are
roughly classified as follows paraffinic
crude oils and aesthetic crude oils and
mixed base containing those waxy and
asphaltic material there are four
principal molecular structures present
in mineral oil straight-chain
hydrocarbons branched-chain hydrocarbons
cyclic hydrocarbons and aromatic
hydrocarbons the manufacture of
lubricant base stocks is performed by
solvent extraction or hydro catalytic
defining or the hybrid process which
combines the two processes of birth