unleashing enough energy to outshine galaxies race up supernovae are the most powerful explosions in
the universe unleashing enough energy to outshine galaxies we have no real metaphor for their power
if the sum were to magically go so that's not true I don't know why um started the video off with a
false bit of information they're not actually the most powerful my friends so um crazers got them
beat quasars take that the other most powerful explosions in the universe yeah not quite not
quite almost unleashing and you've got things like hypernovo which you don't want to be anywhere near
potentially even as distant as 50 000 light years and you could could get somewhat fried but uh yeah
quasars are technically explosions right because you've got you've got radiation exploding from the
central Supermassive Black Hole uh it's just we don't usually describe it that way right so with
an active Galactic nuclei which is what you have with a quasar which is when you have the central
supermassive black hole the giant accretion disc that's glowing hot and it heats up as matter Falls
in and swirls uh and it shoots off these giant uh these giant beams of radiation perpendicular
to the Galaxy and it's got multiple modes there so you've got a quasar mode you've got uh radio
mode and the radio mode is like a bit it's very different but basically yeah it's an explosion
um and you know the radio mode actually releases some radiation back within to the Galaxy itself
and we think it can actually disturb the Galaxy's star formation and things like this whereas the
Quasar mode you know is a bit more extreme and it's you know through the polls and when these
things pointed at us in the distant Universe early Universe because they don't actually occur anymore
in our local modern Universe I say local modern remember because space and time are linked so
that means everything close to us is in our local Universe and Everything far away is in the early
universe and we only see these things in the early Universe it's a whole galaxy Evolution
thing but anyway enough energy to outshine galaxies we have no real metaphor for their
power if the sum were to magically go supernova it would feel like you were being hit by the energy
of a nuclear explosion I've got a good Mana for you just imagine a serious punch from saitama
every second for weeks while supernovae are the engines of creation forging the
elements that enable life they also burn stuff how's it how's the color match
in the video there are all whole regions of galaxies so what would happen if one hit Earth
that would be bad if you want to see this in a lot of detail because I
covered this pretty extremely in uh the Halo video of all things
what's up big bang There are roughly speaking two ways to make a supernova either the core of
a massive star implodes or less common a white dwarf gains Mass to the point where it ignites
explosive nuclear fusion there are other ways my friends the outcome is the same a supernova
what's the quote an insert Dark Side quote from Star Wars explosion when we think of
an explosion on Earth we think of something that happens fast and ends but a supernova
is more like a volcanic eruption followed by a tsunami at first there's a colorful ball of
hot expanding gas that's pretty good that's pretty good creating a spectacular Cloud that will shine
for about a month but then it doesn't stop hot and dangerous gas rushes outwards at speeds of 10
000 kilometers a second through the near vacuum of space sweeping up the sparse gas of the Galaxy
this wall of gas expands for tens of thousands of years and will eventually span up to dozens
of light years until it finally cools off and disperses its substance back into the Galaxy I
was looking for my poster I have a poster of the Crab Nebula which is exactly what he's talking
about so if it doesn't show you Ultra so what if this starts or no it's not a giant crab okay
hits us well the damage depends on how far away it is stage one thousands of light years away
okay before we let him go further into this let me show you this crab that is a the remnants of a
supernova explosion and you can see right just what he was illustrating and there is a crab
in the center there if you zoom in close enough you'll see one of those pesky Giant Orange crabs
um so that's why they called it the Crab Nebula I'm kidding in the center is a pulsar and it is
whipping around if you view it in different types of electromagnetic radiation right
you can see different things and that's why you'll see different images of it
um and then let me show you what this Pulsar it whips around and you can actually see it a little
bit here because at the poles it shoots out this radiation and it whips around and when that hits
us we we call neutron stars pulsars humans have witnessed dozens of supernovae but all of them
were thousands of light years away they appeared as new stars some outshining the moon twinkling
for a few weeks and disappearing aside from looking very pretty at this distance they don't
do much to us stage 2 300 light years away things begin to get a bit icky once a supernova occurs
around 300 light years away we can expect one this close to us every few million years a single star
giving the night sky an eerie glow like Twilight alright I better stop pausing this is a long one
and while this is far enough away and dim enough to not do harm to us they can affect the Earth at
these distances it's like being hit by the last weak waves of the star tsunami not strong enough
to do real damage but still noticeable in fact we know that over the past 10 million years multiple
supernovae have struck Earth from these distances because we can find radioactive isotopes of iron
deep in the rocks and sediments at the bottom of the ocean amazingly these supernovae around the
solar system have cleared a 1 000 light year wide pocket of space that's called the local bubble
they blew away the interstellar gas and dust creating a lumpy wall of gas that's now a
cradle for Star formation stage three yeah these things actually spur star formation
obviously if it's right next to it it's going to Halt the star formation but generally
this stuff explodes all a lot of heavy elements back into the universe that's where a lot of the
heavy elements come from dying stars and you know there'll still be something left in the middle
either a black hole neutron star uh but anyway that that stuff that expands outwards yeah
it actually Spurs star formation for Star formation stage three 150 light years away
once the Supernova happens much closer than 300 light years we're approaching the Zone where it
does real damage stars have extremely powerful magnetic fields when they die the tsunami of dead
star actually returns means a lot of this magnetic energy woven through the shock wave that expands
outwards in this highly magnetized Cloud we get conditions like in a huge particle accelerator
that's accelerating charged particles like protons nuclei and electrons to immense speeds which means
we have an expanding Cloud that is shooting deadly radiation in all directions long after the bright
light from the initial explosion has faded away if a supernova happens too close by waves of these
cosmic rays will wash over the solar system for thousands of years while we're mostly protected
on Earth's surface by the atmosphere and ozone layer the influx of extra radiation will still
increase cancer and mutation rates not enough to cause a mass extinction but it will so you've
got to wonder if uh you know periods of intense mutation on the Earth are rapid Evolution might
have been spurred by Supernova events you've got to think about it like for instance you know why
do our our previous monkeys just start painting on caves I know they're not monkeys smart primates
okay uh you know why did we start modern humans start drawing on caves you know at some random
point they're just there's cave paintings and then before that there's nothing and then there's lots
of examples of these sorts of things and you know who knows if um evolution is actually spurred by
an increased rate of mutations whilst you know they're going about their business and natural
selection is doing its thing maybe you could even Define a new law of evolution uh maybe not
a law but something intense right where you need Supernova events within your vicinity at us you
know certain frequency uh to Spur rapid Evolution I'm just completely speculating you should come
download calvpn which is a post Quantum VPN the first in the world the only one that can protect
you from recording computers right now we made it I made it you should come get it it's friggin
Majestic look at all these servers we're about to release the Mac version as well as the Linux
and then the mobile apps so if you want to follow my journey you know I'm physics background going
journeying into Computing and uh entrepreneurial stuff come come check it out we'll be noticeable
space flight would become impossible in the solar system as astronauts wouldn't survive the waves
of radiation for long we don't know exactly how bad this would be but a supernova that
is close enough May trap our species on Earth for Generations maybe thousands of years it only gets
worse from here oh yeah stage four closer than 100 light years within 100 light years I wonder
if we're going to talk about some larger things as well like hyper number bad as a supernova disrupts
our climate in ways that we don't fully understand yet there are a few unpleasant things happening
all one after another first the high energy photons arrive from the explosion followed by many
decades of radiation from the radioactive tsunami both of which seriously damaged the ozone layer
Earth's shield against harmful radiation I feel like that the term kazak's actors found coined
radiation tsunami I don't think I've really seen that many other players the ozone layer absorbs
ultraviolet radiation by breaking apart ozone 03 into O2 and a free oxygen atom which later
reforms back into another ozone molecule but the Supernova radiation breaks up nitrogen molecules
that gobble up the free oxygen breaking the cycle and depleting the ozone layer quickly without a
radiation Shield everybody living on the surface is exposed to very high levels of UV radiation
from our sun cancer rates would Skyrocket and just going outside during the day life-threatening
the extra radiation would also kill a lot if not just if you thought uh the pandemic was bad and it
couldn't get any worse my friends it could get worse most of the plankton in the oceans that
live near the surface and are the bases for the marine food chains leading to a mass extinction
were still Supernova radiation would ionize gas in the atmosphere which means that it would punch
through molecules and knock electrons do we need another reason to uh keep funding science
so we can learn how to like you know combat this sort of thing nuclei leaving them charged these
charged nuclei then act as seeds for water vapor to gather and form massive Global clouds in the
worst case they would reflect enough sunlight to trigger an ice age in fact it's thought that
the Ice Age two and a half million years ago was caused by a supernova some scientists even think
that a supernova about 60 light years away might have been the cause of the devonian yeah I can't
remember but you guys ever heard of snowball Earth when the Earth was literally covered in glaciers
um I wonder if you know supernovas played a role there as Extinction 350 million years ago but
wait there's more the electrons punched free by the radiation form enormous electric Avalanches
or in other words Lightning Electric Avalanches that is hit by some of the worst thunderstorms
in millions of years the intense lightning causes global wildfires that consume forests and crops
devastate cities disrupt our electrical grids and Global Supply chains all while a decimated
ozone layer leaks deadly radiation while in the past the ecosystem may have bounced back from a
nearby Supernova after a few thousand or million years there's no guarantee modern civilization can
take a hit of this magnitude yeah we would face food it could be very bad especially with our
electrical grid and the shortages skyrocketing prices and Wars as Nations struggle to not be
consumed by chaos so a supernova this close would at the very least do significant damage
for hundreds or thousands of years if not and our modern civilization and with its millions
or even billions of lives would be bad still Humanity would likely survive and could recover
where is stage five closer than 25 light years oh okay a supernova closer than 25 light years
means that we're in its kill radius where a mass extinction is all but guaranteed probably about
half of the ozone will be destroyed and massive climactic disruption on a scale we've never
witnessed would ravage Earth entire ecosystems would swiftly be wiped out by radiation AS Global
wildfires envelop the planet all the things described before happen but way more intensely
and much faster a few people might survive for years in bunkers if they have food supplies but
the what they return to I will be devastated and hostile to life for hundreds of thousands of years
human extinction is extremely likely the final stage four light years being any closer to a
supernova is very unlikely because space is big but the effects would be extreme even from four
light years away the distance to Alpha Centauri a supernova would be almost as bright as the sun in
the sky while casting two Shadows could be fun for a few hours within days the Earth's surface
gets as hot as a sauna baking the surface for weeks until the explosion Fades the surface of
Earth and it gets worse like you thought this was bad right this is just your typical Supernova boy
right you get things like hypernovas which are rarer of course but they exist and I said 50
000 light years before but I'm I've take that back I'm pretty sure it's actually about 25
000 years at the point where it could be in a re close enough to actually significantly change our
climate which could mean you know end of Advanced civilization and uh I'm pretty sure it's about 25
000 light years and our galaxy is only 100 000 light years across you're gonna need four of
these things spaced out and you know you can kind of wipe not wipe out life but maybe Advanced life
just in case you guys were wondering how to wipe out all sentient life in a galaxy now
you can do it all right um so yeah it would be very bad you'd get a lot of smog in the
atmosphere as well uh anyway let's keep going Burns Scout of life even the oceans aren't safe
the massive amount of radiation that follows Burns away the ozone layer killing everything
that sees sunlight it would be the largest Extinction event in history reducing life to
a few survivors in the deep sea and critters in the Deep soil life basically has to start over
already in the largest mass extinction event if you didn't know how worried do you need to be
not very well so should you worry no fortunately there are I feel like that's always the answer in
kersey's Arc videos don't worry though it's fine well after telling you you know eight minutes of
how catastrophic it would be I need a handful of stars that may explode within 1 000 light
years of Earth and none are close enough to be a serious threat if we think we're pretty sure
and better these Stars will probably not go supernova for many millions of
years you might be wondering why I say that obviously from what we understand yes but
you gotta remember our understanding of stars what's going on within stars is not very good
you know but look we can observe a lot of stars in the sky we seem to have this stuff pretty down so
don't worry but you know you know like our son for instance it's got all weird things that happen and
we don't understand it with its 11 year cycle and the polls flipping we don't know what's going on
but anyway we think we understand Stars so you are safe but there's no guarantee for the far future
as stars orbit the Galaxy our descendants may find themselves dangerously close to a supernova but
by then a far more advanced and wiser Humanity will hopefully be able to check Outland driver
they hired someone that an astrophysicist to design this in another video go check it out
move out of the way in any case you can sleep well tonight under the beautiful night sky
and if you dream about understanding the physics behind this video and others come watch my channel
anywho that is another kurz exact video and he was just telling you to come subscribe to
my channel so if you haven't already but it's saying that with that all my previous videos
because going forward we're actually kind of a transitioning no I'm not you know turning into
a woman I'm I'm saying our channel is turning into a woman no I'm kidding it's it's just it's
it's going through a midlife crisis and we're changing where we're expanding our Horizons