(jazzy piano music)
- [Narrator 1] We're in the
Philadelphia Museum of Art,
looking at two of the most famous paintings
by the great American artist Thomas Eakins,
both about surgery, and two great Philadelphians
who took part in that remarkable history.
Let's start with the earlier of the two paintings.
This is called The Gross Clinic,
not because anything that's happening in it
is gross or disgusting, although some people
at the time felt that way,
but because we're looking at a great surgeon,
Dr. Gross, and his clinic, a medical class
at Jefferson Medical College here in Philadelphia.
- [Narrator 2] Dr. Samuel Gross was
the most famous surgeon in the world.
He was an innovator in surgical techniques,
he had written a major textbook.
- [Narrator 1] He even wrote a handbook for doctors
who were treating soldiers during the Civil War.
- [Narrator 2] Eakins had attended these classes
that you see in The Gross Clinic.
He wanted to make basically a giant poster
advertising the excellence of
Philadelphia's medical community
to show in the Art Exhibition at the World's Fair.
- [Narrator 1] And this was a centennial exhibition
celebrating the 100th anniversary in 1876
of the United States, and the theme was progress.
- [Narrator 2] He picked Dr. Gross
because he was an innovator in surgical techniques.
- [Narrator 1] It took me a while to understand
even what part of the body I was looking at.
- [Narrator 2] There's a little boy
who's lying on his side on the surgical table.
His head is far away from you,
underneath the gauze of the anesthesiologist,
and his little feet in gray socks
are what's pointing at you in the foreground,
so you're basically looking at his thigh.
- [Narrator 1] And also his buttocks,
and there are a lot of things that actually
didn't seem polite to many people
at the centennial exhibition.
- [Narrator 2] Surgery was something that happened at home.
Hospitals were for poor people and full of infection.
- [Narrator 1] But surgery is becoming
something that heals you.
- [Narrator 2] Science was galloping forward,
and two things are shown in this particular surgery
that illustrate that advance.
One of them is anesthesia, the fact that
you can put the patient to sleep
so they don't scream and flail around.
- [Narrator 1] Surgery before had to be done quickly.
- [Narrator 2] The other great advance
that Dr. Gross is demonstrating here
is his new understanding of the way that bones renew.
This little boy in the surgery,
10 years earlier, he would've had his leg amputated
because that's the best they could've done
for someone who had had this kind of bone infection.
But Dr. Gross and his generation understood that,
just by cleaning out the bone, it would renew,
and you could sew the boy up,
and in a month, he would be off and running.
So, instead of an almost medieval,
brutal, life-threatening surgery,
now you have surgical intervention that is minimal
and has a happy outcome.
- [Narrator 1] In the 21st Century,
we take for granted the progress
that was made in the 19th Century
to get us to where medicine is today.
- [Narrator 2] However, we can see some
old-fashioned things.
Notice that Dr. Gross is just wearing a suit,
a very snappy outfit with velvet collar,
he's got a pocket watch and a beautiful
opal stud in his shirt.
He's just walked in off the street.
At this moment in 1875, Gross was resisting
the newest science taught by Dr. Lister,
the idea of the germ theory,
but we will see that ideas about
sterile procedures changed,
and when Eakins goes to paint The Agnew Clinic,
he shows the doctors all in whites,
in sterile clothing, and using surgical instruments
that have been sterilized in a bath.
- [Narrator 1] Here we see the anesthesiologist
administering chloroform.
- [Narrator 2] The science of anesthesia
was basically watching the patient breathe,
and taking a towel that had ether or chloroform on it
and bringing it closer or farther away from
the patient's mouth and nose.
- [Narrator 1] But what this painting is really about
is Dr. Gross, and also Eakins as a painter.
- [Narrator 2] Eakins is so clever in using the light
to make Gross seem more God-like.
The light came through this skylight,
and that's why you only had surgery at noon,
because there was no artificial light
in the surgical amphitheater.
Eakins chooses to show that, and that's being a realist,
but he makes it magic.
Realism works for him in order to accentuate
Dr. Gross's halo of hair, his bright forehead,
so that you have this sense of his intelligence
and of his leadership.
- [Narrator 1] Our eye goes down to that bloody hand.
- [Narrator 2] It was the blood on the hand
that got this picture knocked out of the art exhibition.
The jury decided that it was too scary for the public,
and so they showed the picture in a medical display.
- [Narrator 1] The woman who's seated on the left
we presume to be the patient's mother,
who's just in agony over the surgery.
- [Narrator 2] She's there to represent us.
She's horrified, and she's not a professional,
so she doesn't really know what's going on.
She contrasts to the competence of the doctors,
the teamwork of medicine that is gonna push
American culture forward.
- [Narrator 1] So, we're drawn to Dr. Gross.
We look at the man who's recording the surgery.
And then, in the shadows, two figures standing in a doorway,
and on the far right, seated, the artist himself.
- [Narrator 2] Eakins puts himself in the painting
as a way to establish the credibility
of his own witness of this scene.
- [Narrator 1] And Eakins is a man of science,
and he studies anatomy at Jefferson Medical College.
- [Narrator 2] Even as a professor,
he encouraged his own students to do dissections.
He knew a lot about the human body,
and he was deeply interested in anatomy,
and in science in general.
- [Narrator 1] Let's turn to this painting by Eakins
of The Agnew Clinic that was made 14 years later,
where instead of a vertical image
with light flooding down on the heroic figure of the doctor,
we have a composition that's more dispersed.
- [Narrator 2] Dr. Agnew was,
to the University of Pennsylvania,
the same kind of celebrity that Samuel Gross was
at Jefferson Medical College.
And when he retired, his students collected money
to make a portrait honoring his accomplishment.
It has a very different mood than The Gross Clinic.
The doctors are now wearing white,
respecting sterile procedures.
Also, the secret here is that there's now
artificial light in the surgical amphitheater,
but the one thing that's the same
is that Eakins himself is over in the corner
watching the surgery in the same position
that he appears in The Gross Clinic.
- [Narrator 1] Look at Agnew bathed in light
with that white surgical gown on.
So, what's happened is he's done the surgery,
he's stepped back, he's gonna allow
the other doctors to finish the surgery,
and he's gonna lecture and explain what happened
and the prognosis for the patient.
And here we're seeing a kind of surgery
that was more dangerous, a mastectomy.
Doctors were still learning how to best treat breast cancer.
- [Narrator 2] This is not a happy story.
Surgery on cancer was still mysterious,
and what Dr. Agnew was trying to do
is make this woman more comfortable,
because he knows that his surgery's
not going to cure her.
So, it's a darker story, and it remains
somewhat confusing as to why Eakins
would have told a sad story like this,
one of pain, but it may be that he was interested
in showing a woman, and it certainly
increases your sense of compassion,
to be able to see the face of the patient.
- [Narrator 1] We also see the nurse.
This is a brand new thing, the School of Nursing.
The nurse we see here, Nurse Clymer,
was one of the early graduates.
- [Narrator 2] Nurse Clymer is fun to compare
to the mother in The Gross Clinic.
The mother is hysterical, Nurse Clymer is educated,
professional, completely composed.
She is making sure that the doctors
are using sterile instruments.
- [Narrator 1] And she's contrasted with the male students.
They look very much the way students look.
They lean this way and that,
some of them pay more attention than others.
- [Narrator 2] The students all came to
Eakin's studio and posed for him,
so they were all portraits.
I think there was a certain amount of joking going on here
as he depicted them in characteristic poses.
- [Narrator 1] We also see the tray of instruments
just in front of Dr. Agnew in a bath
that's sterilizing them,
so we're reminded of this recent invention
of sterilizing the surgical theater.
- [Narrator 2] And the result is that
the scalpel that he's holding
is dripping water, not blood.
Dr. Agnew actually asked to be shown
without as much blood, because he knew that
the portrait of Dr. Gross
had been very upsetting to many people.
- [Narrator 1] Although it's still
a difficult image to look at.
We can see a surgical implement
being inserted into her chest cavity,
but Eakins wasn't shy of that.
In a way, that was his goal, to paint something heroic
about modern life, that we didn't need to paint
ancient Greek gods and goddesses,
or the ancient historical events to paint heroes.
We could paint modern heroes.
That's what we get with both Gross and Dr. Agnew.
- [Narrator 2] Eakins wants to be up there
with Rembrandt and Velazquez.
He's intending to make a history painting
for the modern age.
Both of these paintings show teams at work,
and that's actually the way science works too.
The teamwork that you see is exactly
what would send men to the moon,
so he chooses modern science as
the noble and important subject
for a great modern history painting.
(jazzy piano music)