Julia Gillard: Ngozi, 10 years ago when I became prime minister of Australia,
I assumed that at the start, there would be a strong reaction
to me being the first woman,
but it would abide over time
and then I would be treated the same as every other Prime Minister had been.
I was so wrong.
That didn't happen.
The longer I governed, the more visible the sexism became.
I don't want any other woman to be blindsided like that.
That's why I'm so excited about working with you
to help women get ready to lead in what is still a sexist world.
Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala: I share that sense of excitement.
After I was finance minister of Nigeria,
I was overwhelmed by the number of women who wanted me to be their mentor.
It is terrific that aspiring, young women
are keen to learn from those who have gone before,
but there are still too few female role models,
especially women of color.
Now as a result of the work we have done together,
I can offer everyone clear, standout lessons
that are based not just on my own experience,
but on the global research on women and leadership
and the candid insights of leading women.
JG: One of the things to share is that there's joy in being a leader --
in having the opportunity to put your values into action.
Emphasizing the positive makes a real difference
to the power of role modeling.
If we only focus on the sexist and negative experiences,
women may decide that being a leader sounds so grim they don't want to do it.
On the other hand,
if we pretend it's all rosy and easy,
women and girls can be put off
because they decide leadership is only for superwomen
who never have any problems.
We all have to get the balance right,
but Ngozi, it's impossible to talk about role models right now
without asking you:
how does it make you feel to see Kamala Harris elected
as vice president?
NOI: I'm delighted.
It's important to the aspiration of girls and women
that they see role models they can relate to.
Vice President-elect Harris is exactly that kind of role model,
particularly for girls and women of color.
And every woman who steps forward
makes more space for the women who come next.
JG: Of course both of us know from our own experiences
that even when women get to the top,
unfortunately, too much time and attention will be spent
on what they look like rather than what they do and say.
Ngozi, for women, is it still all about the hair?
NOI: Certainly, Julia.
I laughed when Hillary Clinton said she envied my dress style,
and particularly my signature scarf,
so I don't need to worry about my hair.
Like many of our women leaders,
I've effectively adopted a uniform.
It's a colorful one,
it's African, it's me.
I have developed my own style that I wear every day
and I don't vary from it.
That has helped protect me from endless discussion
of my appearance.
It's helped me to get people to listen to my words,
not look at my clothes.
JG: Hillary told us she lost the equivalent
of 24 full days of campaign time
in the 2016 election
getting her hair and makeup done every day.
But actually, contemporary problems for women leaders go far deeper
than anything to do with looks.
I'd better warn you now,
I'm about to use a word many people would find rude.
My favorite funny moment in our travels was discussing "resting bitch face"
with Prime Minister Erna Solberg of Norway.
The global research shows that if a man comes across as strong, ambitious,
even self-seeking,
that's fine,
but if a woman does it,
then the reactions against her can be as visceral as revulsion
or contempt.
They're pretty mind-bogglingly strong words, aren't they?
NOI: They certainly are,
and women leaders talk about it intuitively,
understanding that to be viewed as acceptable as a leader,
they have to stay balanced on a tightrope between strength and empathy.
If they come across as too tough,
they're viewed as hard and unlikeable.
But if they come across as too soft,
they seem to be lacking the backbone needed to lead.
JG: The problem is we still all have sexist stereotypes
whirring in the back of our brains.
I was portrayed as out of touch because I don't have children.
I was even compared to a barren cow in the bush,
destined to be killed for hamburger mince.
NOI: That's horrible that you faced that stereotype.
While I was worried that people would think I couldn't do my job
when my family was young,
I enjoyed talking to New Zealand's Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern
about her experience as the second woman ever
to have a child while being a national leader.
I was very taken by her saying
she doesn't think she gets the work-life balance right,
in the sense that she doesn't like the word "balance,"
and there's always guilt.
She just makes it work.
JG: Ngozi, where are men in this?
NOI: Hopefully, manning up.
Men can more equitably share domestic and care work.
They can point out sexism when they see it.
They can make space for women
and mentor and sponsor them.
Given that men disproportionately still have the power,
we won't see change unless they work with us
to create a world that will be better for men and women.
JG: Let's talk about the "glass cliff" phenomenon.
If a business or an organization is going well,
then they're likely to appoint a new leader
who looks a lot like the old one --
that is, a man.
But if they are in difficulties,
they decide it's time to get someone quite different,
and often reach for a woman.
To take one example,
Christine Lagarde became the first woman to lead the International Monetary Fund
when it was in crisis after its former head was arrested for sexual assault.
Ngozi, while not as dramatic as that,
you know a bit about glass cliffs too.
NOI: I certainly do.
I remember clearly being chosen, as a young woman,
to lead a very problematic World Bank project in Rwanda.
No one else wanted to lead it,
lest they fail.
So there was this attitude of "if she pulls it off, it's OK.
If she fails, then, well, she's just a young African woman
whose career doesn't matter that much."
From that experience,
I learned things about myself and leadership,
and the biggest lesson we can share is this:
if you have a sense of purpose that drives you,
then aim high --
become a leader.
And make room as you go.
Former US Secretary of State Madeleine Albright is fond of saying
that there's a special place in hell for women who don't support women.
In this world,
we need to be there for each other.
JG: There's a bit of good news and bad news here.
Certainly the research shows
that the stereotype about the businesswoman
who makes it to the top
and then stops other women coming through
isn't borne out by the facts.
The constraint seems to be
that organizations think once they've got a woman or two,
they don't need to worry about gender anymore.
But we do have to be frank --
women do get pitted against other women
for the limited number of seats at the table.
We have to be wary of having our solidarity with each other eroded
by these politics of scarcity.
Instead, we should work together to change the rules
that keep us at the margins.
NOI: So to summarize, our standout lessons are ...
Number one, there's no right way to be a woman leader.
Be true to yourself.
JG: Number two,
we know that women leaders face sexism and stereotyping,
so sit down with your mentors,
sponsors, best supporters and friends
and war-game.
How are you going to deal with the gendered moments,
with being judged on your appearance,
with being assumed to be a bit of a bitch
or with your family choices questioned?
Forewarned is forearmed.
NOI: Number three,
let everyone you know talking about gender stereotypes
and debunking them:
these false assumptions can't survive being held up to the light of day.
JG: Number four, there are structural barriers too.
Don't wait until you need help balancing work and family life
or to be fairly evaluated for promotion.
Be a supporter of systems and changes that aid gender equality
even if you don't personally need them immediately.
NOI: Number five, don't take a backwards step.
Don't shy away from taking up space in the world.
Don't assume you're too junior or people are too busy.
Reach out, network.
JG: That's great advice,
and leads us to the most important lesson of all --
go for it.
NOI: Yes, go for it.
JG: (Laughs) Thank you.
NOI: Thank you.