Welcome to this presentation on the brainstem. The brainstem is made up of three components.
These three components house very important brain structures such as 10 of the 12 cranial nerve nuclei.
We’ll find the red nucleus here. We’ll find inferior and superior colliculi and a lot of other importance
as we go through this presentation. The first thing that I would like you to realize is what three structures
make up the brainstem. On this image, we see the most superior one. That is the midbrain. This area
here along in through here. Just below that, we have this expanded area called the pons. Inferior to the pons,
you see this shaded area and this is the medulla oblongata. Then it will continue inferiorly as the spinal cord.
In medical practice, anatomy is seen through imaging studies. Imaging studies of the brain were keenly
well-utilized because of their high quality resolution, magnetic resonance imaging. The three structures
of the midbrain can clearly be seen in this sagittal MRI section. First, here’s the midbrain right in through here.
Then this prominent expanded structure is the pons. Then right below that labeled for you is the medulla oblongata.
Then the spinal cord can be seen extending inferiorly into the vertebral column. Now, I want to guide
you through the brainstem origin of cranial nerve nuclei. Ten of the twelve cranial nerve nuclei are housed
in the midbrain structures. You can see several of those nuclei in this illustration. Here’s an important concept
for you to remember. Here, we’re looking at the origin, the brainstem origin of the cranial nerve nuclei.
In this illustration, two of the nuclei are housed in the midbrain. Four are housed in the pons area.
Then four of the cranial nerve nuclei are going to be housed in the medulla oblongata. So it’s two, four, and four.
Let’s take a look at the two cranial nerve nuclei that are housed in the midbrain. First is the cranial nerve
nucleus for cranial nerve III that is shown here in yellow. This gives rise to the oculomotor nerve.
It’s going to innervate several extraocular eye muscles as well as constrict the pupil. This is an important
nucleus for the control of lens accommodation so that we can view objects that are close to us.
The second and final cranial nerve nucleus that’s found in the midbrain is going to be that associated
with the trochlear nerve, so we have cranial nerve IV nucleus. You can see it identified right in through here.
From this nucleus, the trochlear nerve will leave the posterior aspect of the midbrain. You can see
the trochlear nerve right in through here. The trochlear nerve will innervate the superior oblique muscle,
one of the extraocular muscles. This now brings us to the level of the pons as we work our way inferiorly.
Again, remember that the pons has four cranial nerve nuclei. Now, I want you to understand the four nuclei
that are located here. The first nucleus to take a look at is actually a paired situation. We’re looking at
the trigeminal cranial nerve nuclei. One of them is the motor nucleus of the trigeminal nerve that we see
in through here, cranial nerve V motor nucleus. Then over here in blue, we see the sensory nucleus
for cranial nerve number V illustrated. The second cranial nerve nucleus that is housed in the pons
is going to be that associated with the abducens nerve. This is cranial nerve nucleus number VI
right in through here. The next is the cranial nerve VII nucleus. This is the facial nerve nucleus.
We see it illustrated right in through here. Then the fourth and final cranial nerve nucleus in the pons
is going to be that of the vestibulocochlear nerve. Here is the vestibulocochlear nuclear area shown
right in through here. Again, these are paired. They’re just visualized on one side to keep this illustration
simple and not very confusing for you. So, for the pons, you’re looking at V, VI, VII, and VIII.
Those cranial nerve nuclei are housed in the pons. Now, this brings us to the medulla oblongata.
Again, four cranial nerve nuclei are housed here in this brainstem structure. Here you can see some of the
cranial nerve nuclei. We’ll take a look at the nuclei that are housed here. First, we have the glossopharyngeal
cranial nerve nuclei. This would include the nucleus ambiguus, the inferior salivatory nucleus.
Then down in through here, we see the solitary nucleus tract. Then the nucleus itself is shown
in through here. Now, we’re going to take a look at the vagal nerve nuclei. Some of these nuclei
are shared with the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve nuclei. There is a division of labor or division of function.
So for example, the nucleus ambiguus does communicate. It does send out fibers through the
glossopharyngeal nerve. Then the solitary nucleus has a dual function as well with glossopharyngeal and vagus.
Then we have the cranial nerve X dorsal nucleus being exclusive just to the vagus nerve here.
Another cranial nerve nucleus that would be more inferior to the illustration that we have here will be the
accessory nerve nucleus. This is associated with cranial nerve number XI. Lastly, we have the
hypoglossal nerve nucleus that’s labeled here. That would be associated with cranial nerve number XII.