Hello.
I'm Haruki Takahasi of Meiji University.
I'm going to talk about our work, 3D printed fabric
I'm honored to present this work in this grad session.
In our work, Weibo is 3D printer.
This is an overview of our 3D printing technique.
By controlling the movement of the nozzle
in low or printed pillars, the 3D printer weaves a textile.
So we present tools to design various textiles,
and we demonstrate examples of various sizes, materials,
and patterns like this.
Well, let's get started with background of our work.
So the development of 3D printers
allows users to fabricate, so accurately and easily print
3D objects at low cost.
Especially Fused Deposition Modelling, so-called FDM,
is one of the most common and affordable 3D printing methods.
This emerging technology has been
inspired researchers in HCI.
For example, new 3D printing techniques
allow users to fabricate novel structure that
contributes to print expressive objects,
and improve printing process.
Making soft objects is also an important topic.
By printing or combining a soft fabric,
unique properties such as flexibility, breathability
and stretchability are added to a rigid object.
So these are related works on this 3D printing technique.
3D printed hair is my most favorite work.
A technique for fabricating a hair-like structure,
by pulling extruded material using the tip of the nozzle,
and the printer can form this hair-like structure.
In wireprint, a 3D printer forms an object
with wireframe structure.
So this technique improves the printing speed
and enables rapid prototyping.
Furthermore, FDM can express fluffy structure--
fluffy texture, by controlling parameters
that shows the height of the nozzle position,
and amount of material being extruded.
And these related works on printing textiles.
So printing textiles, or printing sheets
is one of the popular topics of 3D printing.
A common approach is printing a chain mail,
chain mail-like structure.
This consists of tiny interlocked parts.
And using a flexible material like elastomer,
user can print the flexible sheet
on the bed of a 3D printer.
So with expansive 3D printing methods,
for example, SLS and removable support material,
a more complex structure, such as weft knitting,
this can be printed.
OK.
So our motivation is also printing flexible textiles
with the conventional FDM 3D printer.
And I want to extend the application and possibility
of 3D printing.
A characteristic of our technique is its structure.
Our 3D printer weaves a rigid material
into warp and weft structure-- one of the popular structures
of fabric.
So these are three challenges to establish the technique.
First, how 3D printers can weave textiles with rigid material.
And while weaving, how to avoid a collision between the printer
head and the printed object.
So finally, how users can design textiles using our technique.
OK.
So let me talk about the detail of our techniques.
So we also provide more information in our paper,
so please read our paper.
So first, about structure.
A printed textile is upright on the bed of a 3D printer,
and consists of three components--
base, pillars fibers.
The base is a flat sheet.
The base supports the entire structure.
And pillars are woven as a warp into textile.
So these pillars are printed in thin cylinders.
The outermost thicker pillars are frames.
This also supports the structure.
Fibers are woven as a weft.
Applying the 3D printed hair technique,
a 3D printer makes a fiber, and weaves it with the pillars.
To make a long fiber, the 3D printer
continuously supplies an additional amount of material,
while printing a fiber.
Next the printing order.
After printing the base, so step one,
a 3D printer makes the pillars.
Here, the outermost pillars are a little lower
than the inner pillars.
And then step two, using the outermost pillars,
the top of the pillars, the 3D printer makes a fiber
and weaves it.
So depending on the density of the fibers,
this step is skipped.
Step three, then the outermost pillars
are extended as a fiber is fixed to the outermost pillars.
Finally, the thin pillars are also
extended and going to step one.
So for printing this structure, we
added passes to create detour.
For example, the nozzle moves in the height direction
or passes by the side of our printed objects
to avoid a collision.
So this is a close up of printing textile.
So here, thin pillars are a little higher
that the outermost pillar.
Then the 3D printer weaves the fiber.
And then extends the outermost pillars,
and continues to the next step.
OK.
So in addition to the basic structure, basic components,
we provide these design parameters
for programmable design.
First, our technique allows users
to print various lengths, height, and shapes of textile.
And by controlling the density, users
can make a sparse or dense textile.
So we found the pillars can be removed from a textile,
depending on application condition.
Also using various materials and controlling weaving pattern,
users can design various textiles.
And several parameters are affected
by the set up and the material.
So for example, the maximum size is
limited by a printing area of a 3D printer.
To utilize the parameters, we implemented design tools.
So we use Rhino and Grasshopper, which is a [INAUDIBLE] software
on the script.
In the script, the parameters are shown as GUIs.
So from the parameters, the tool generates Gcode.
Gcode is a series of commands to control a 3D printer.
Users can print this in a conventional way,
for example, using a host application.
So we also use this to explore parameters for our technique.
Then we developed the tool with various extensions.
So these are extensions of the design tool.
Yes, these are also implemented as Grasshopper script.
The left one is the simplest to generate a straight textile.
Basic examples are made with this tool.
The central one, this generates a curved textile
and enable integration with a 3D solid mesh.
The tool can use geometry in [INAUDIBLE]..
We also implemented a tool to control
weaving pattern, the right one.
To generate the movement of the nozzle
according to a binary image.
OK, so about calibration.
So because the type of 3D printers and materials are
diverse, so we cannot [INAUDIBLE] the parameters
available for all 3D printers and all materials.
So I mean users have to calibrate
the parameters for their setup.
So because it's unrealistic to test
all parameters and all combinations of parameters,
we recommend to print a small textile that takes
10 to 20 minutes to print.
The results will be helpful to calibrate parameters.
For example, too much material cannot form a thin fiber.
So you will have to reduce amount of material.
Yeah.
Common troubleshooting tips for 3D printing are also helpful.
So with the calibration, we confirmed
that our technique is available on four FDM printers,
on conventional materials such as PLA and ABS.
However, it was difficult to form a fiber using conductive,
flexible, [INAUDIBLE] filament, I think due to the viscosity.
OK.
So let me demonstrate applications.
First, basic textile.
We printed this basic textile with various sizes and colors
of material.
260 millimeter width and 50 millimeter height sheet
takes approximately nine hours to print.
The largest one is 270 millimeter width and height.
It takes 50 hours to print.
And on right side, this the multi-color textiles.
The pillar and the fibers are printed in different colors.
So we used a dual nozzle printer and a printer
that has the capability of mixing materials.
Next we printed curved textiles and integrated this
with a 3D model.
So we found the woven textile maintained
the shape, similar to a shape memory material,
after printing.
By the way, my strap, this one is also 3D printed.
It works well.
And on right side is pattern generation.
We tried designing patterns using the density and thickness
of pillars.
And more complex pattern using a [INAUDIBLE] image
is also available.
But a complex pattern often causes a printing error.
Several fibers cannot be woven tightly with pillars.
OK.
Last examples, I think.
These are [INAUDIBLE] applications.
By controlling the [INAUDIBLE] condition,
a pillar can be removed from the textile.
Although we tried inserting an electronic component,
we switch into the textile as one pillar.
So we made a simple circuit using our fabric.
On the right side, we use conductive ABS material
for printing pillars.
This striped pattern of conductivity
can transfer touch operation to the touch screen.
OK.
So finally, we briefly tested the properties
of printed textile.
Depending on the setup, parameters,
and the materials, the properties, they quite differ.
It's just preliminary tests.
About flexibility, the textile is
flexible in the weft direction, because the weft is printed.
The weft is made from a single fiber.
On the other hand, it's easily broken in the warp direction
because the warp-- the pillars are printed
in layer-by-layer manner.
About strength.
Although the textile consists of thin pillars and thin fibers,
it's able to withstand heavy loads.
Here is three kilograms.
That's all my presentation.
This is summary of our work.
We'll demonstrate our work tonight at demo reception.
Please enjoy the examples.
Thank you very much.
[APPLAUSE]
Thank you for the excellent presentation.
Also great to see you wearing your results.
So we have time for a couple questions.
Hi, great work.
I was wondering if you could talk a little bit more
about the motivation behind this project,
and what you think the advantages are of 3D printed
textiles, as opposed to traditionally woven ones
with soft fabric materials.
About my motivation?
Or what you think the advantages of particularly 3D
printed textiles are--
material advantages.
So I'm sorry if I cannot get to your question properly.
So because I like 3D printing, I also
inspire 3D printing technique in [INAUDIBLE] for example.
So I have tried to print 3D printed hair
or 3D print fluffy texture.
I wanted to print--
I just wanted to print textile, but the textiles
consist of complex structure, warp and weft.
So it was a big challenge for me to print warp and weft
structure.
It's OK?
Thank you.
Yes, good.
Have you looked at using the extrusion flow instabilities
to try to do that in a much faster way?
Like if you under extrude or over extrude and then
the flow actually doesn't follow the path,
but then can give you very fancy loops that gets
you closer to textile loops?
What's you mean loops?
We can talk in private if you don't know
exactly what I'm talking about.
But when you extrude with the nozzle,
if you change the feed rate that you're working with,
you can actually create instabilities in the flow,
so it doesn't follow the path you actually want.
For printing?
Yeah, while you're printing.
It's available.
I don't try it.
OK Let's talk later.
Hi.
I'm curious if you've gotten a chance
to explore any other weaving patterns?
I think all the examples in the paper
are a plain weave, like over one,
under one, over one, under one.
Have you gotten a chance to play with any other styles of weave?
Like over two, under one, over two?
Like a twill weave or a broade or anything like that?
Yes can we change the pattern.
So I tried to print UIST logo.
[INAUDIBLE]
Cool.
Thank you.
Let's thank the presenter once more for the excellent work.
[APPLAUSE]